Iimpawu maxesha eRashiya: ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. History of Russia

Ukuphuculwa of Russia ngenkulungwane yokuqala XX, kwalutyhutyha zonke iinkalo zobomi lwentlalo. Kwafa Wangena ngempumelelo encinci, kodwa kwindawo ethile a lot. inegalelo olugoso. Prime Minister Stolypin wayesaziwa ngamazwi eziliqela ethandwayo. Omnye kubo kuchaphazela kuphela uqoqosho kweli lizwe. Kanye Duma uPyotr Abramovich wathi lizwe kufuneka kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini ngokonwaba, ukuba ube yinkokeli kwihlabathi zalathisi ezininzi. Ngelishwa, ukususela ngo-1914, imfazwe iye wabatshabalalisa abo amathuba.

Development of eSiberia

ezifuneka phambili ebalulekileyo yotshintsho Russian kukugcina sisixa mass yabemi esebenzayo kwilizwe lasempumalanga, ongaphuhliswanga yaseSiberia. Urhulumente inkxaso aba bantu (ikakhulu amafama). Kwakhona, le nkqubo negalelo yoololiwe yaseSiberia. movement Imfuduko sonakaliswa ngamandla ngexesha Russian-Japanese War, xa ilizwe wayengekho ukuya kuphuhliso esinoxolo kwezoqoqosho. Noko ke, emva kokuba yokufuduka ungquzulwano kuqaliswe ngokomeleleyo entsha.

Iimpawu maxesha eRashiya (ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20) ukuba nempumelelo yokuvuselelwa kwemihlaba Stolypin kunye Krivoshein, apho abalimi ukhuthele akwazi ukufumana uqoqosho yabo kakuhle, njengoko bephupha ukususela ekupheleni serfdom.

Settlers afumana inkxaso-mali karhulumente ukuze ube 400 engange (ubukhulu kuxhomekeke kwixabiso lesakhiwo). Abalimi bafudukela iimoto ezizodwa, apho zilungiselelwe ukuze athwale impahla yenkosi ziye. Emizaneni ezintsha kunye needolophu zilungelelaniswe indawo yokugcina ngenxa yengqolowa, iivenkile ngemiyinge emincinci kunye nezinye izibonelelo ebalulekileyo. kuqoqosho olutsha ezahlukeneyo ukusuka isicelo zelo izixhobo ilungiswe. Ingeniso webhsayithi yaba zinemali ngcono. amafama zaseSiberia wadala iRoma yelizwe. grain kwemfuneko waya athotyiweyo aphesheya.

ezintsha zezolimo

Iimpawu maxesha eRashiya (kwinkulungwane yama-20) kule lali ngxi ukuzala intshukumo lwentsebenziswano ehlelekile. Nkqu umphathi elungileyo kakhulu kwaba nzima ukuba siqhelane kwindawo entsha kuphela. Ngoko ke, ukwakha osomashishini. Abamelwane bayancedana kwimeko iingxaki. ngempumelelo kakhulu ngaphezu uluntu akudala odolo Entsha.

Phakathi kuka-1906 ukuya 1914 eSiberia, ngokutsho uqikelelo ezahlukeneyo, oko kwenza abantu phantse 3 million 700 lamawaka. -Isibini kubo ekugqibeleni bahlala kwilizwe labo elitsha. umzila eSiberia, nto leyo kwiminyaka yokuqala ukusebenza kwawo engeluncedo lwanto, baqala ukubathwala ngeenkuko ingeniso ethe chu ngenxa yokuba ifunwa. Ngomhla olwandulela leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi abasuka kwimimandla okwimpuma yeli lizwe anikezelweyo 50 ezigidi zeetoni okuziinkozo kunye nezigidi ezingama-5 buziikhilogram ibhotolo. yomhlaba wezoLimo eNtshona eSiberia zaye sigutyungelwe kwaye lubekhona, ngoko ke urhulumente wakhupha imali kwilizwe wokusindisa ngonyaka. Le intsebenziswano eyiyo phakathi kwabahlali iyasebenza kwaye urhulumente ke peculiarity kolawulo ngokwala maxesha eRashiya (kwinkulungwane yama-20).

Russia ngo 1913

Kwincopho kuqoqosho Russian weza 1913 (kwaba ngumnyaka wokugqibela karhulumente tsarist uxolo). Ngoko ke, kungenxa kwixesha ekubhekiselelwe kulo kwinqanaba ikhula uqoqosho kunye neNgonyama.

Ukuphucula imigangatho abahlala kunye namathuba self-Ukuqonda abachaphazelekayo imeko yezibalo. Phambi kokubhiyozela imfazwe abemi bukhosi yaba phantse zizigidi 173 abantu. Iintsapho yamahlwempu kunye nabantwana abalishumi baba eqhelekileyo.

bahluphekayo Ilizwe wonwaba kwixabiso-7% of kwinqanaba lehlabathi. Phambili kuphela i US, Jamani, kunye United Kingdom. Xa izinga lokukhula koqoqosho (kwakhona 7% ngonyaka), eRussia ehlabathini kuqala.

Noko ke, iRussia yanika iinkokeli Koloni ukumila ezibalulekileyo ezifana imveliso yabasebenzi. Wayeneminyaka amaxesha ngaphantsi kwe-5. Iimpawu maxesha eRashiya (ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20) ukuba ukukhawulezisa isantya sokukhula, nto leyo ethetha ukuba kwiindawo ezininzi nje ukugcina up with a kombisaka onjalo.

Development of kololiwe

Njengokuba ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX, ukukhula womnatha noololiwe. Ngowe-1906 isebe ukusuka Orenburg ukuya Tashkent yavulwa. Oku kuya lula ukuthuthwa Uzbek cotton esemgangathweni ophezulu kwimarike yaseYurophu, nto leyo yenza oosomashishini ingeniso ebonakalayo kwaye urhulumente ngohlobo irhafu zobuncwane. Nkqu kwiminyaka emibini yokuqala imfazwe kwafuneka ukuba ukwakha indlela phezu Kola Peninsula. Wayehamba Murmansk. Yaba ice-free izibuko ngobuchule ebalulekileyo kwimida yomntla lizwe. Ngokusebenzisa ubonelelo kwezibonelelo.

iinjini umphunga, omashini abenziwe iinjineli Russian kwi 1910s, zange kunguhata, ngohlobo olufanayo yaseMelika okanye yaseYurophu. Yintoni na maxesha? Zeziphi izinto awohluke kolawulo ngokwala maxesha eRashiya? Kakade ke, ukukhula rhoqo yokuthutha. Nyaka ngamnye, ukuba zinyuke nge-8%. Maxesha iye yakhokelela ekubeni e Petrograd wabonakala kuqala umbane icandelo kaloliwe. Noko ke, le revolution nemfazwe yamakhaya usete lizwe umva. Uninzi intuthuko nokumkani ukuze Economy ziye olityelweyo okanye isusiwe ngqo ukusuka ezingqondweni ubunzima imigudu censors Soviet.

scope yonxibelelwano

Onke amaxesha yotshintsho Russian, eyenzeke ukuya kwinkulungwane XX, akazange kukhokelela ekukhuleni ngokukhawuleza kunye nophuhliso kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. Oku ngokucacileyo ngenkqubela entsimini lweenkonzo zonxibelelwano. Maxa kumashishini mveliso, ii-arhente zikarhulumente, amaphephandaba, mail njalo njalo. E. Kwakukho izixhobo ezitsha. Ngowe-1910, kwilizwe xa lilonke oko ucingo million 200. Inani lezinto yeposi sele ifikelele kwezigidi ezibini.

Yintoni na maxesha? Zeziphi izinto awohluke kolawulo ngokwala maxesha eRashiya? Wayefanele ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zoluntu. Kwicandelo lonxibelelwano eli lizwe lijongene phawu walo ongundoqo - intsimi enkulu. Ngenxa enkulu kummandla Russia ayikwazanga ukunika ngokupheleleyo ngokwayo nayo yonke into efunekayo ukuze unxibelelwano ngokukhawuleza kwaye kulula phakathi kwabantu. Umzekelo imfazwe nxamnye eJapan, xa kwithala iiveki ukuya phambili kwiMpuma Ekude, ebinezinto imiphumo kakhulu shwa.

Abanjalo iimpawu ezininzi yotshintsho eRashiya. Le theyibhile ibonisa isitshixo iiyantlukwano zalo.

amacandelo ezoqoqosho

iimpawu zasekhaya maxesha mveliso yayiza devyatiprotsentnom ukukhula kwiindawo ezininzi zoqoqosho. Kule minyaka mihlanu idlulileyo, ubomi esinoxolo ubukhosi inani lamashishini zesicwangciso ezahlukeneyo landa ngumntu wesithathu.

Nazi ezinye indicators. Phakathi kuka-1893 ukuya 1913 lokunyibilikisa ngentsimbi intsimbi landa ngokuphindwe-13, amalahle zemigodi - ngokuphindwe 4, Central Asia umqhaphu processing - .. amaxesha 7, njalo njalo kuye kwasekwa amacandelo zibalulekileyo kunye nathembisayo kuqoqosho. Loo nemiqhaphu, iinkuni, ukutya, kunye noshishino yokunyibilikisa isinyithi. Ezi ndawo ziye inzuzo enkulu.

In Russia kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini okuqala yokudla utywala wavelisa kakhulu (kudliwe kwimarike yasekhaya), iswekile kunye nomgubo (kwamanye amazwe).

uphuhliso lweengingqi

In Kwinxalenye yaseYurophu eRashiya , baba ngaphezu kwama-90% lwamashishini kweli lizwe. Eyona yaba kwindawo esembindini, eziquka eMoscow, Yaroslavl, yaseTver, Kostroma kunye kwiphondo Nizhny Novgorod. Yanda ngokukhawuleza eSiberia. Ngowe-1914, i-uphuhliso ebalulekileyo Kuznetsk amalahle isitya iqale kwiphondo Tomsk.

ummandla entsha wasekwa ngenxa nokukhula koqoqosho. Yaba kwiphondo zeAltai, awathi ngokukhawuleza naseNovosibirsk, wabonakala phezu Trans-Siberian Railway.

Iimonopoli kunye noRhwebo

Ngu ekuqaleni kwemfazwe kweli lizwe, kukho malunga na bodwa ezinkulu mabini abamakhulu. Aye kwenzeke kumacandelo afana ukubhankisha kunye noshishino enzima.

urhwebo Foreign kunye lwasekhaya sasuka abantu abazizigidi ezibini. Amaqabane ephambili Russia kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe yaba England Germany. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba lizwe kwamanye amazwe iimveliso zokutya. Kwangaxeshanye, nangona intsimi oyile Baku, eli lizwe abazange babe ipetroli ngenxa yokukhula elibukhali kolu shishino kunye neemfuno zalo.

The Economist ezaziwayo-kakuhle French Thierry E. ekuthini phambi kokuba imfazwe, ukuba akukho revolution, ngoko phakathi kwinkulungwane XX Russia uya kuba yinkokeli kwezoqoqosho ehlabathini. Kwiminyaka yokugqibela ukumkani ukuba uphuhliso agro-mveliso lizwe.