Yintoni na le ukubola alpha

Namhlanje siza kuthetha ntoni na ukubola alpha nendlela oko kuchaziwe ngokwemigaqo iingcamango bamandulo ezizezinye. Ubukho yehlabathi ebonakalayo Bulelani kunokwenzeka kuphela yokuba ubume yayo nayiphi na into, ilifa uzinzo ngokwaneleyo. Forces yekeyeke kunye amasuntswana e athom, zisisiseko yokuqinisekisa ubukho yonke indalo. imifuziselo zangoku yezixhobo atomic ukuvumela nje ukuqulunqa imithetho, kodwa ukuchaza ezininzi nesenzeko bokugcinwa le microworld. Njengenxalenye imodeli langa ye kumbindi atom ngalinye elakha, equka protons kunye neutron kwizabelo ngokulinganayo. Umlinganiselo protons, neutron kunye electron elabekwa 1: 1: 1. Oku xa uqala kubonakala ayinakwenzeka ngokwenyani lo lwalamano ngenxa yemithetho indalo iqhosha: yombane isigxina ovela ilingana -1, lo Proton 1 neutron, ekubeni umanyano macandelo mabini ezincinane oppositely ityala, ilinganiselwa ngombane cala (ngokuzenzekelayo , ngenxa yoko igama).

Ngenxa Coulomb imikhosi protons kwi ngumongo ukubuyiselana, kodwa counterbalancing intsebenziswano onamandla ephethe amasuntswana kunye. Yintoni na ukubola alpha? Indlela ingenzeka yayo ilula kakhulu: Ukuba protons kude enye kwenye, amandla uba elektroottalkivaniya enkulu intsebenziswano olomeleleyo ekhokelela ukuyilwa eziba kukhanya amasuntswana. Izizathu ukuzahlula sokuqala ezahlukeneyo - kungaba zombini mpembelelo nangaphandle neempawu lwesakhiwo nuclear (entropy factor).

Ukuwa zehlabathi

De-1896, kwakucingwa ukuba athom ezi ayahlukahlukenanga, yaye isakhiwo uphawu nganye nayiphi na into ethile. Kodwa Becquerel (ngamanye amaxesha ekubhekiselwe Rutherford), ngubani wafunda iityuwa uranium, wafumanisa le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa radioactivity ngaphezu cast ngokungathandabuzekiyo ezininzi iinkolelo ingcamango atom ngelo xesha. Ukubola Alpha ukukhutshwa amasuntswana ngokuqinisekileyo ebizwayo - eziba helium-4. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba le nkqubo luphawulwa ngokuyintloko eziba izinto ezisindayo. Enye awayebalasele alpha yamasuntswana na isigxina yayo double HIV. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba ubume electron ezimbini zilahlekile. Intlawulo iyonke xa oku ifunyenweyo ukuba emibini. ukubola Alpha wafunda Rutherford. Ukuba kubonwe ukuba onjalo isakhiwo yamasuntswana (2 + 2 Proton neutron) uzinzile kakhulu yaye, kwakubekwe, inkoliso ezinye nuclei kwakuza kufuneka ayichithe amasuntswana kunye eziba izinto lula. Nangona kunjalo, oku kungenzeki. Rutherford wacebisa ukuba naluphi na utshintsho zenyukliya kunokwenzeka kuphela xa ungena kuwo athom helium (alpha amasuntswana) okanye electron eliphezulu-eneji (amasuntswana beta). Kamva, oko ozinzisiweyo, kodwa kwathatha iminyaka elishumi yophando kunye nokuqaliswa kweekhonsepthi ezintsha kummandla ubucukubhede umyinge - kuhlangana etoneleni.

imiqobo Overcoming

Njengoko kuboniswe ngasentla, isakhiwo ozinzileyo - alpha yamasuntswana. Oko kubalele uvela MeV-2 ukuya kwi-10. Ukwenzela ukuba kube ndzulu isiseko se-atom, kufuneka boyise kunye namandla isizathu ombane (ukusukela protons ezisegumbini nucleus kunye isuntswana). Le isithintelo efanayo emva indlela esele ziqala ukuba anincedi amandla intranuclear womxhuzulane. imithetho microworld ezahlukileyo njengesiqhelo wethu, ngoko kwezinye iimeko ukuya ngodonga, akukho mfuneko ukuba siyitshabalalise. Esebenzisa isiphambuka kwetonela unakho onokuwoyisa ngayo umqobo. I ezincinane umahluko phakathi amandla kwisuntswana kunye neendleko sesicatshulwa, ayanda amathuba ekuvaleni sisenzo. Kuba nuclei amaninzi amathuba esisiphambuka Itonela encinane ukuze zibe ingqalelo izinto ezakhiwe ezizinzileyo. Abanye, phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ukuvumela kwii-ngaphandle (kwaye ngaphakathi nencindi) kwamasuntswana alpha.