Ilizwe lokuqala mveliso. kumazwe ahambele phambili ehlabathini kule nkulungwane yama-20. Uluhlu lamazwe liphuhle ngokupheleleyo kwezoqoqosho

Amazwe amashishini ayenomxholo ongathintekayo kwizoqoqosho lwehlabathi. Bathuthuka inkqubela phambili kwaye batshintsha isimo semimandla ethile. Ngoko ke, imbali kunye neempawu zala mazwe zifanelwe ingqalelo.

Kuthetha ukuthini ngophuhliso

Xa eli gama lisetyenzisiweyo, yinkqubo yezoqoqosho, isisiseko esinciphisa ukuguqulwa kwipropathi yezityalo ukuya kumveliso mveliso emikhulu. Yiyo le nto yinto ebalulekileyo apho amazwe asezimbonini zehlabathi azimisele ngayo.

Kuyafaneleka ukuphawula oku kuphawulekayo okulandelayo: xa umveliso womshishini uqala ukubeka phambili kwilizwe, uphuhliso loqoqosho luba yinkqubo ebanzi. Ukutshintshwa kwelizwe elithile kwinqanaba lezentengiselwano ngenxa yempembelelo yaloo nto njengophuhliso lwezobuchwepheshe obutsha kunye nezesayensi zemvelo kwishishini. Iinguqulelo ezinjalo ezichanekileyo zisekuhlaleni kwemveliso kunye ne-metallurgy.

Enyanisweni, nayiphi na ilizwe lezentengiselwano liyimveliso yokuguqulwa kwamandla kwimigangatho yemithetho kunye nezopolitiko. Ngelo xesha, okwenziwe, akwenzi ngaphandle kokwakhiwa kwesiseko esibalulekileyo sempahla kunye nokukhangwa kwenani elikhulu labasebenzi abancinci.

Isiphumo solu hlobo lwenkqubo yinto yokuba isibini (izixhobo zokucubungula izinto eziqingqiweyo) ziqala ngokubalulekileyo kwi candelo eliphambili loqoqosho (ezolimo, ukukhutshwa kwezibonelelo). Ukunyuswa kwezentlalo kubangele ekuphuculeni ukukhula koqeqesho lwezenzululwazi kunye nesingeniso sabo esilandelayo kwicandelo lokuvelisa. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ukwandise kakhulu umvuzo wabemi.

Izwe lokuqala loPhuhliso

Ukuba ukhangeleka kwiinkcukacha zembali, unokwenza isigqibo esicacileyo: iUnited States yayingumanyathelo ohamba phambili oshishino. Ngasekupheleni kwe-19 neyokuqala kwekhulu lama-20, kwakukho isiseko esikhulu sokukhula kwamashishini apha, okwakusungulwa ngokunyuka okubonakalayo komsebenzi. Iinqununu zezi ziko zizinto ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo, ukungabikho kwezixhobo ezingapheliyo kunye nokubonelelwa kwenkululeko epheleleyo kwimisebenzi yezoqoqosho.

Ukuqwalasela imbali yokuphuhliswa kwemveliso yezoshishino, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba inkqubela ebonakalayo kule ndawo yenzeke ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Bazibonakalisa ngokwanda kwezinga lokuphuhliswa kweshishini elinzima. Le nyaniso yanikwa negalelo yendlela yokwakha izitimela zomzila wesitimela.

Izwe elinjalo lezoshishino njengoko i-United States inomdla umdla kuba lizwe lokuqala kwiimbali zophuhliso loqoqosho lwehlabathi, apho le ngxelo elandelayo ibhaliwe: isabelo soshishino olunzima sagqithiseleyo yonke imveliso yeziveliso. Amanye amazwe akwazi ukufikelela kweli nqanaba emva koko.

Olunye utshintsho apho ilizwe lezentengiselwano kufuneka lenze ngokuqinisekileyo, Ukuxhalabisa umgaqo-nkqubo wezopolitiko kunye nomthetho. Ngelo xesha, akunakupheka ukuba kukho ukubonelela okwaneleyo kwabasebenzi abancinci kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo.

Enye yeenjongo eziphambili kwiimveliso zorhwebo-mveliso kukuveliswa kwemveliso eninzi epheleleyo. Ngenxa yoko, imimandla emikhulu yempahla ivumela iinkampani ukuba zingene kwimarike yehlabathi.

Sitshintsha kwisakhiwo soshishino olunzima eMelika

Ukuqwalasela ukuba iNorth America yintsimi apho ilizwe lezentengiselwano, eliba ngowokuqala kwifom yezoqoqosho, lisinda kwi-form yayo, kulufanelekile ukuphawula ulwazi olulandelayo: utshintsho olufanayo luye lwafunyanwa ngokutshintshwa kwisakhiwo soshishino e-USA.

Oku kuyimpembelelo yenkqubela phambili yesayensi kunye nezobuchwepheshe, eyakhokelela ekuphuhlisweni nasekuphuhlisweni kwamashishini amasha njenge-oyile, i-aluminium, i-electrical, i-rubber, i-automobile, njl. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuveliswa kwemoto nokucocwa kuye kwaba negalelo eliphambili ekuphuhliseni uqoqosho lwaseMerika.

Ekubeni ukukhanya kombane kwaqaliswa ngokukhawuleza kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla kunye nemveliso, i-diesel yalahleka ngokukhawuleza ukufaneleka kwayo. Ngelo xesha, imfuno yeoli ikhule ngokukhawuleza. Eli qiniso lichazwe ngophuhliso olushukumisayo lwemboni yezimoto, ngokuqinisekileyo okukhokelela ekunyuseni inani lokuthenga i-petroli, ukwenzela ukuveliswa kweoli.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula kunye nokuba oko kwakungeniswa kweemoto kubomi bezakhamizi zase-US kunemiphumo ebalulekileyo kwisakhiwo semveliso, okuvumela ukuba icandelo lokucoca ioli libe libalaseleyo.

Utshintsho luye lwafumana iindlela zokwenza umgangatho onobulungisa wezabasebenzi. Le nkqubo yathonywe kukuphuhliswa kwemveliso emininzi. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu indlela yokuhamba.

Siyabulela kule miba i-US yaqala ukuchazwa njengelizwe lezoshishino.

Abanye abameli bezoqoqosho

I-USA, ngokuqinisekileyo, yaba ngumbuso wokuqala ongabalwa njengezoshishino. Ukuba sicinga ngamazwe oshishino lwekhulu lama-20, ngoko siya kukwazi ukuvelisa amaza amabini anamhlanje. Ezi nkqubo zinokuthiwa yi-organic kunye nokufumana uphuhliso.

Amazwe echelon yokuqala aquka iUnited States, Great Britain, iFransi kunye namanye amazwe aseYurophu (amaScandinavia, Holland, Belgium). Uphuhliso lwawo onke amazwe lubonakaliswe ngenguqu yenkqubela kwimveliso yemveliso. Okokuqala kwakukho uguquko lwezentengiselwano, olulandelwe yenguqu ekuveliseni umlinganiselo kunye nokukhululeka kwemveliso yoluhlobo lomthumeli.

Ukuqulunqwa kweenkqubo ezinjalo kwandulelwe yimimiselo ethile yenkcubeko neyentlalo:

- izinga eliphakamileyo lophuhliso lwemveliso eyenziweyo, eyayixhomekeke kwimpembelelo yesimanje kwindawo yokuqala;

- ukukhula kobudlelwane bemali-mali, okukhokelela ekuvuthweni kwemakethe yasekhaya kunye nokukwazi ukufumana iimveliso ezininzi zemveliso;

- isalathisi esingenakulinganiswa sabantu abahluphekileyo abangenalo ithuba lokufumana nayiphi na indlela ngaphandle kokubonelela ngeenkonzo zabo njengomsebenzi.

Ingongoma yokugqibela inokuthi ithathelwe kubathengisi abaye bakwazi ukuqokelela imali kwaye babekulungele ukutyalomali kwimveliso.

Amazwe angama-alandelayo

Ukuqwalasela amazwe asezimbonini ekuqaleni kwe-20 leminyaka, kungafanelekile ukukhankanya okufana ne-Austria-Hungary, Japan, Russia, Italy kunye naseJamani. Ukubandakanyeka kwabo kwimveliso yezoshishino ngenxa yempembelelo ethile kwimiba ethile.

Nangona amazwe amaninzi ayefudukela kumashishini, ukuphuhliswa kwazo zonke iindawo zinezinto eziqhelekileyo. Uphawu olubalulekileyo kule meko luyimpembelelo ebalulekileyo karhulumente ngexesha lexesha langoku. Indima ekhethekileyo yombuso kule nkqubo ingachazwa ngezi zilandelayo zizathu.

1. Okokuqala, kwakummandla owawudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphunyezeni ukulungiswa kwezinto ezijolise ekukhuliseni ubudlelwane bemali-mali, kunye nokunciphisa inani leefama eziqhelekileyo kunye nezolimo ezibonakaliswa yimveliso ephantsi. Isicwangciso esinjalo senze ukuba kube lula ukufumana abasebenzi abaninzi abakhululekile ekuphuhliseni kakuhle imveliso.

2. Ukuqonda ukuba kutheni amazwe oshishino aye ahlala ebonakaliswe ngesabelo esibalulekileyo sokuthatha inxaxheba kwenkqubo kwinkqubo yesimanje, kuyafaneleka ukuthobela ingqalelo kwimeko enjengokuba kufuneka ukuvelisa imithwalo yamasiko ekwandiswa kwemveliso evela ngaphandle. Amanyathelo anjalo ayenziwa kuphela kwinqanaba lomthetho. Kwaye ndibulela kwesi sicwangciso, abavelisi basekhaya, ababemi ekuqaleni kokuphuhliswa kwabo, bekhuselwe kwaye banakho ukukhawuleza ukungena kwinqanaba elorhwebo.

3. Isizathu sesithathu sokuba ukuthatha inxaxheba kwintsebenziswano karhulumente kwinkqubo yesimanje kwakungenakukhunjulwa kukungabikho kwemali evela kumashishini ukuxhasa iimveliso. Ubuthakathaka bentengo yasekhaya buhlawulwa ngeendlela zokuhlawula imali. Oku kubonakaliswe ekuxhaseni ngemali yokwakhiwa kwamafektri, izityalo kunye nomzila wesitimela. Kwezinye iimeko, iibhanki ezixutywe kunye neenkampani zadalwa, zisebenzisa i-state kunye namaxesha angaphandle. Le nkcaza ichaza ukuba kutheni amazwe asezimbonini, ngaphezu kweemveliso zithunyelwa kwii-investors Eyona nto ixhomekeke ngakumbi kwezo zityalo-mali kwinkqubo yokwenza iJapan, iRashiya kunye ne-Austria-Hungary.

Indawo yamazwe oshishino kumaziko anamhlanje

Inkqubo yesimodyuli ayigcini ukuphuhliswa kwayo. Ngombulelo, amazwe amashishini amasha akwazi ukwenza. Uluhlu lwe Zizo zilandelayo:

1. YaseSingapore,
2. South Korea,
3. Hong Kong,
4. ETaiwan,
5. EThailand,
6. E China,
7. EIndonesia,
8. Ma laysia,
9. EIndiya,
10. Philippines,
11. EBrunei,
12. Vietnam.

Amazwe amane okuqala amele ngokukodwa ngokumelene nabanye, yingakho kuthiwa ama-tigers ase-Asia. Kuwo wonke ama-1980, iindibano ezikhankanywe ngentla zibonise amandla abo okuqinisekisa ukukhula konyaka koqoqosho kunye nomanqaku angaphezu kwe-7%. Ngaphezu koko, bakwazi ukunqoba ngokukhawuleza ukuphuhliswa kwezentlalo-qoqosho kunye nokufikelela kwinqanaba lamazwe anokuchazwa njengoluphuhliso.

Iingqinisiso zamanye amazwe oshishino

I-UN ihlala ilinganisa imeko kwihlabathi, ihlawula ingqalelo ngokukhethekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwezoqoqosho kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Le nhlangano inemilinganiselo ethile apho ichaza amazwe amashishini atsha. Uluhlu lwazo luzaliswa kuphela ngurhulumente ohlangabezana nemigangatho ethile kwiindidi ezilandelayo:

- umthamo wokuthunyelwa kweemveliso zoshishino;

- ubungakanani bomkhiqizo owenziweyo ekhaya;

- isisindo esithile kwi-GDP yoshishino lokuvelisa (akufanele kube ngaphantsi kwama-20%);

- ubungakanani bemali-mali ngaphandle kwelizwe;

- izinga lokukhula konyaka weGDP.

Kwimiqathango nganye kunye nezo zonke amazwe ezikhuphisayo, uluhlu lwayo olukhula ngokukhawuleza, lufanele luhluke kakhulu kwezinye iindawo.

Iimpawu zendlela yoqoqosho ye-NIS

Kukho izizathu ezithile, ngaphakathi nangaphandle, eziye zachaphazela kakhulu uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho kumazwe asandul 'ukukhushulwa.

Ukuba sithetha ngeemeko zangaphandle zokukhula koqoqosho kuzo zonke iindawo, okokuqala kufuneka kuqwalaselwe into elandelayo: kungakhathaliseki ukuba yiyiphi iindalo zoshishino ezicatshangelwayo, ziya kuhlanganisa zonke iintlobo zentlalo evela kumashishini athuthukileyo. Kwaye sithetha ngezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko. Ngokomzekelo, umdla obonakalayo oboniswa yi-US ngokumalunga ne-South Korea neTaiwan. Oku kubangelwa kukuba le mimandla ifakela inkcaso yombuso wamaKomanisi, olawula e-East Asia.

Ngenxa yoko, iMelika yanikela loo mazwe amabini ngenkxaso eninzi yempi kunye nezoqoqosho, eyadala uhlobo oluthile lokuvuselela ukuphuhliswa kwezi zizwe. Yingakho amazwe asezimbonini, ngaphezu kokuthunyelwa kweempahla, ngokukodwa zijolise ekutyalweni kwamanye amazwe.

Ngokumalunga namazwe aseMzantsi Afrika, inkqubela yabo ibangelwa ngenkxaso esebenzayo evela eJapan, apho kwiminyaka emashumi edlulileyo ivule amaqela amaninzi eenkampani ezenzile imisebenzi emitsha kwaye iphakanyise izinga lemveliso ngokubanzi.

Kufuneka kwakhona kuqatshelwe ukuba kumazwe asandul 'ukukhushulwa ahlala kwintsimi yase-Asiya, ininzi yoshishino-mali lijoliswe kwizinto zokuvelisa kunye namashishini okuvelisa.

Ngokubhekiselele kumazwe aseLatin America, kule ndawo, utyalo-mali alujoliswanga kuphela kwishishini lokuvelisa, kodwa nakwiinkonzo zenkonzo, kunye nerhwebo.

Ngelo xesha, umntu akanakukwazi ukuphawula ukubaluleka koqoqosho lwamazwe angaphandle. Yingakho amazwe asezimbonini ukongeza kwizibonelelo zawo malunga nawo onke amacandelo ezoqoqosho aneepesenti ethile yeengxowa-mali zangaphandle.

Umzekelo waseLatin waseMelika weNIS

Kwizoqoqosho zanamhlanje, iimodeli ezibini eziphambili zibonakaliswe, ngendlela ekunokwenzeka ngayo ukubonisa isakhiwo nemigaqo yokuphuhliswa kwamazwe amashishini anamhlanje. Umbuzo we-Latin American and Asia system.

Umzekelo wokuqala ugxininise ekungenweni kwamanye amazwe, ingqwalasela yesibini ibhekiswe kumazwe angaphandle. Ngamanye amazwi, amanye amazwe athathwe kwiimakethe zasekhaya, ngelixa abanye befumana ubuninzi beentengo ngokuthumela ngaphandle.

Le ngenye yezimpendulo kumbuzo wokuba kutheni amazwe asezimbonini, ngaphezu kokuthunyelwa kwempahla, agxininise ngokukodwa ekufakweni kwezinto ezingeniswa ngaphandle. Zonke zipheka phantsi kusetyenziswa imodeli ethile. Ngelo xesha, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba isicwangciso sokuzaliswa kwemakethe yasekhaya kunye nomkhiqizo wesizwe siye yanceda amazwe amaninzi ukuba athole inkqubela phambili kwezoqoqosho. Ukwenza oku, kwakudingeka ukudibanisa isakhiwo sezoqoqosho kwilizwe. Ngenxa yoko, kubalulekile ukuveliswa kwamandla okuvelisa, kunye nokwaneliseka kwiindawo ezininzi kwanda kakhulu.

Enyanisweni, kwilizwe ngalinye, elijolise ekuphuhlisweni kwemveliso, evumela ukuba kufakwe ngokuthe ngqo izinto ezivela ngaphandle, ubunzima obunzima bubekwe ngexesha. Njengesizathu saloo mphumo, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukulahlekelwa kobuchule kunye nokuguquguquka kwenkqubo yoqoqosho, ebangelwa ukungabikho kokhuphiswano lwangaphandle.

Kunzima kumazwe anjalo ukuba athathe indawo yokuzithemba kwiimarike zehlabathi ngenxa yokungabikho kwamashishini angama-locomotive athathela umgangatho wokuvelisa kumgangatho omtsha wokusebenza nokufaneleka.

Imizekelo ibandakanya amazwe aseLatin America (iArgentina, iBrazil, iMexico). Ezi zizwe zikwazi ukuhlukana koqoqosho lwelizwe ngendlela efana nokufikelela kwindawo ebalulekileyo kwimarike yehlabathi. Kodwa bahluleka ukufikelela kumgangatho wabo wezoqoqosho oluphuhlisiwe kumazwe athuthukile, axhomekeke kumazwe angaphandle.

Amava aseAsia

Imodeli ejoliswe ngaphandle, eyayiqaliswa yi-NIS yaseAsia, inokuchazwa njengento efanelekileyo kwaye iguquguqukayo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba indawo yokufaka indawo ehambelanayo, ehambelana ngokufanelekileyo kunye necandelo eliphambili lophuhliso loqoqosho. Okumangalisa kukuba, njengoko kuvela, ezimbini iimodeli ezineempawu ezihlukeneyo zingadibaniswa ngokufanelekileyo. Kule meko, kuxhomekeke kwithuba elithile, phambili kunokunikezwa kwabo bafanelekileyo.

Kodwa inyaniso isala ukuba ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente awele kwisigaba sokwandiswa kwamandla okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, kufuneka angene endaweni yokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwaye ngokufanelekileyo uzinze umdla walo mzekelo wezoqoqosho.

I-Asia NIS ibonakaliswe ngokuphuhliswa kwamashishini axhomekeke kumazwe angaphandle. Emva kwexesha, ugxininiso luye lwaguquka kwiinkampani ezinkulu eziphezulu. Okwangoku, injongo ephambili yamazwe anjalo kwisakhelo socwangciso lwezoqoqosho olukhoyo ngumveliso weemveliso ezingabonakaliswa njengezenzululwazi. Ngaloo ndlela, ukuveliswa kwezinto ezincinci kunye nokusebenza ngamandla kunikezelwa kumazwe amashishini amashishini omatshini wesibini.

Ngaloo ndlela, sinokugqiba ukuba icebo yezoqoqosho yesizwe ethile mveliso, kuxhomekeka kwindawo yayo kurhwebo lwehlabathi.