Indoda Economic - inkcazelo emfutshane. Umzekelo womntu kwezoqoqosho

Ukuziphatha kwezoqoqosho labantu kunye namaqela abantu kurhwebo kudala imfuno. Kaloku isiphumo mali umthengisi ebaluleke kakhulu ngendlela ngexesha ukuqikelela umthamo xilaveko kwixesha elizayo kunye ukujonga uluhlu imiba ephambili enokuchaphazela nto. Kuyimfuneko ke ngoko ukuba uqonde ingqikelelo "umfuziselo womntu kwezoqoqosho" kunye ngokudibanisa imiba ngakumbi kwezoqoqosho, ngokwasengqondweni kunye nezentlalo, ukuqalisa ukusebenzisa olu lwazi xa befundisa. Zisebenza kwiinkampani zokubambela emarikeni kwicala lobonelelo, yaye abantu abaqhelekileyo, leyo kunye zinika imfuno emarikeni.

"Homo" -modelirovanie okanye ngubani thina?

Osoqoqosho kudala ndizibuza indlela umntu wenza ukukhetha ngaphezu isikhokelo indlela bakuzibalela izinto eziza kuqala. Ngophuhliso kobudlelwane eemarike babakho ngendaleko yaye le ndoda ngokwayo. Masikhumbule iintlobo ezaziwayo "nesintu".

imodeli Human ngokwemiqathango eziphilayo okanye Homo biologicus:

• Homo okanye abantu abanezakhono bafunda ukwenza umlilo nokumisela indlela yabasebenzi;
• Homo erectus, okanye ethe tye, wema phezu yomibini imilenze, ihands-free;
• Homo sapiens okanye Homo sapiens, ndizuze ubuchule kukucacisa intetho kunye nokucinga engaqhelekanga.

Kwemvelo kwabantu abavela kwindawo yomsebenzi kunye wokuba imbangela, izigigaba, okanye Homo eventus:

• Homo economicus, okanye umntu kwezoqoqosho, ngokuziphatha iinkalo luqiqo kunye ukuze kufikelelwe inzuzo enkulu kangangoko ngokwemiqathango benezixhobo ezinqongopheleyo yoqoqosho;
• Homo sociologicus okanye umntu ekuhlaleni ofuna ukunxibelelana nabanye abantu imvume indima yayo eluntwini;
• Homo politicus okanye abantu kwezopolitiko, benomfutho ukomeleza igunya layo aze azuze amandla ngoncedo amaziko karhulumente;
• Homo religiosus okanye abantu zonqulo ichaza inkxaso ebomini bakhe kunye injongo engundoqo "Ilizwi likaThixo" kunye nenkxaso amandla aphezulu.

Inkcazelo emfutshane yohlobo lomsitho amelwe imifuziselo lula ibonisa indlela abantu eziphambili kwaye acacise iinjongo ngenxa yokuziphatha kwakhe kwindawo ethile - kwezoqoqosho, yezopolitiko, yezentlalo, zonqulo. umntu othile nganye inokuba umntu "ezahlukeneyo" ngokuxhomekeke nokulungelelanisa inkqubo, oko kukuthi okusingqongileyo apho isebenza kwaye ezichongiweyo.

Kunika umdla ukuthelekisa imifuziselo isiganeko zokuqala ezimbini zabantu: umntu lwezoqoqosho umntu, zentlalo - kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwi ngokubambiseneyo kunye noluntu. World avumelane iintswelo zoqoqosho womntu, oko kubonakaliswe umthetho ukuveliswa nemfuneko, yaye umntu zentlalo ngokwakhe wayethimb iintsingiselo zentlalo zehlabathi, ukuze uphephe ngokwahlukana kwayo esihlweleni.

Nengqiqo njengesiseko ukusebenza

Ngumzekelo ibandakanya uqikelelo ethile inkqubo, ngoko ke abantu ubudlelwane komnotho nengqiqo; ukuba unako ukwenza isigqibo esifanelekileyo kwiikota ecetywayo. Ngomhla nengqiqo yomntu iphenjelelwa:

• ukufumaneka kolwazi kumaxabiso zemiqulu zemveliso;
• ulwazi lwabantu malunga ezingundoqo parameters ngokukhetha;
• inqanaba eliphezulu sezobuntlola kunye nobuchule eyanele ekuzalisekisweni ukhetho kwezoqoqosho;
• abantu benze izigqibo phantsi kweemeko kukhuphiswano egqibeleleyo.

Umlinganiselo le kokucingelwayo eziboniswe apha ngentla kukhokelela ekubeni nengqiqo unokuba kweentlobo ezintathu:

1. Zalisa, equka ulwazi olubanzi lwabantu emarikeni kunye namandla alo ukuba enze isigqibo, ufumane uncedo ezipheleleyo ngeendleko iphantsi.
2. Limited, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ukunqongophala ulwazi ngokupheleleyo yaye kwinqanaba elingonelanga ubuchule bomntu, ngenxa yoko, ufuna ukuba nkulu ingeniso, kodwa nje ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezisisiseko ngokwabo iindlela ezamkelekileyo.
3. nengqiqo Organic nzima umzekelo womntu kwezoqoqosho ngokwazisa izinto ezongezelelweyo ezichaphazela ukuziphatha yayo: nezithintelo zomthetho, imiqathango zemveli kunye nenkcubeko, nemilinganiselo zentlalo yokuzikhethela.

View womntu njengesifundo ubengo, kunye neemfuno zabo iinjongo ziye zaveza kunye nezikolo kwezoqoqosho. Okwangoku, kukho imifuziselo ezine ezisisiseko zabantu. Abafani:

1. The degree of ukutsalwa ukwahluka imiba yezentlalo, ngokwasengqondweni, ezenkcubeko kunye nezinye ubuntu babantu.
2. Iimpawu ze-bume leyo imeko yezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko ukujikeleza lo mntu.

I. Imodeli ye kwezoqoqosho ndoda - izinto

Le mbono "nesintu economicus" yaqaliswa kwinkulungwane XVIII phantsi imfundiso yesikolo classical yaseBritani, yaye kamva yafudukela iimfundiso marzhinalistov kunye neoclassical. Kakuhle eli modeli kuxhomekeke kwinto yokuba umntu efuna bawandise eluncedo ngokwabo iimpahla ezithengiweyo ngaphakathi yezibonelelo ezinqongopheleyo, izinto eziphambili omnye ukhonza ingeniso yayo. Ngenxa yoko, embindini le ndlela imali kunye umnqweno womntu zokuxhobisa. indoda lwezoqeqesho kukwazi ukuphonononga zonke izibonelelo sabele ixabiso ngalinye kunye nokusebenza ngokwabo, kuba xa ukukhetha ekhokelwa kuphela izinto zabo, lo gama ezishiyekileyo akakukhathalele iintswelo zabanye.

Kulo mzekelo, ibonisa ngokubonakalayo ngokwayo i "isandla ongabonakaliyo 'emarike ka-Adam Smith. Abantu kwimisebenzi yabo mayisekelwe kuphela self-inzala: umboleki lidla ukuba bathenge impahla ye umgangatho ophezulu, kunye umenzi - ukunika imarike isiveliso ukukhawulelana nemfuno ukufumana inzuzo kakhulu. Abantu emele ngeenjongo zokuzingca, ukusebenza ngenxa yesininzi.

II. Umzekelo womntu kwezoqoqosho - izinto limited nengqiqo

imibono abalandeli M. Keynes kunye institutionalism wavuma ukuba ukuziphatha lomntu azachaphazela kuphela ukusukela ubutyebi eziphathekayo, kodwa inani lemiba yentlalo kunye nasengqondweni. Inkcazelo emfutshane yemodeli yokuqala ivumela sicinge ukuba umntu phezu kumanqanaba zokwandlalela ubume iimfuno Maslow. Umfuziselo yesibini umntu uhamba kumanqanaba aphezulu, eshiya iphambili kwicala eziphathekayo.

Ukuxhasa le modeli womntu kwimo lizama kufuna ungenelelo kawonke eyaneleyo.

III. Umzekelo womntu kwezoqoqosho - collectivist

Inkqubo paternalistic apho urhulumente uthatha indima umalusi, ukuguqula ngokuzenzekelayo indawo abantu neenkomo neegusha, ngokunjalo indoda kwezoqoqosho. ukhetho sakhe aziphelelanga nje kwiimeko zangaphakathi kunye neemeko bangaphandle. Urhulumente isigqibo isiphelo womntu, wathumela ukuba bafunde ngokuthi lonikezelo ngokufaka endaweni yomsebenzi ethile, nomnikelo kuphela iimpahla kunye neenkonzo ethile. Ukunqongophala ukhuphiswano kunye nomdla wobuqu ngeziphumo yabasebenzi kukhokelela ukubonakala ukunganyaniseki, uxhomekeko nangethuba ngenkani umntu kumanqanaba asezantsi iphiramidi kweemfuno, xa kufuneka ukuba umxholo kunye kancinane kwaye musa nokuzamela engcono.

IV. Umzekelo womntu kwezoqoqosho - i idealist

Kulo mzekelo, imvakalelo womntu kwezoqoqosho: isigama luqiqo kunye neenzuzo kuye ngenxa bemilo kwiimfuno aphezulu zokomoya. Ngenxa yoko, loo mntu ingayeyona ibalulekileyo ngaphezu yomvuzo kunye nezinga lokwaneliseka emsebenzini wabo, ukubaluleka umsebenzi wayo umphakathi, ukuntsonkotha umsebenzi kunye nomgangatho nokuzixabisa.

Umahluko eziphambili imifuziselo lwangaphambili icebisa ukuba umntu omtsha kwezoqoqosho, ucinga ngokulinganayo kwaye uzive, ukuba phambili ngokuhambelana likarhulumente yayo yangaphakathi.

Apha, lo ngamnye uluhlu ngokupheleleyo iimfuno physics ezisisiseko kumoya ephakamileyo, eyona ibaluleke ngakumbi kuzo yimfuneko for self-zokuqonda. Man - imodeli ezintsonkothileyo, ukuziphatha kwalo kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, nto leyo linakho ukuqikelelwa kuphela impazamo ethile yezabelo.

iinkalo nangokwasengqondweni ukuziphatha komntu kwezoqoqosho

Yonke imiba zoqoqosho ezinxulumene ukhetho yabantu Useto resource-kuphela. Kwaye oku kukhetha iphenjelelwa ngamandla nokusebenza kwengqondo. Ethetha kwakhona neemfuno zikhankanywe apha ngasentla zepiramidi, ungabona yintoni indima izinto ezingaphathekiyo yokuziphatha kwabantu. Iphiramidi iqulathe la manqanaba alandelayo:

• I (basic) yokuqala - iimfuno komzimba izindlu, ukutya nento eselwayo, ukwaneliseka ngokwesondo, ukuphumla;
• Okwesibini - imfuneko wokhuseleko kule ngokwembono nokomzimba nangokwasengqondweni, inkolelo yokuba iimfuno ezisisiseko kwixesha elizayo uya kuhlutha;
• Okwesithathu - iimfuno zentlalo: siphile ngokuvisisana ekuhlaleni, ukuba babe yinxalenye naliphi na iqela loluntu labantu;
• Okwesine - imfuneko intlonelo, ukuze baphumelele, ukwabiwa kuluntu ngezizathu zobuchule;
• Elesihlanu - kulwazi iimfuno zesifundo amatsha kunye nokusebenzisa kolwazi practice;
• Yesithandathu - iimfuno yobuhle ubumnandi, ubuhle nocwangco;
• Seventh - imfuneko ukuzichaza, kuzuzwe ubuchule babo nezakhono.

Man and Society

Ukubonakalalisa yecandelo loluntu yokuziphatha babantu ngokubonakalayo nefuthe kuqoqosho, waphula ukuqonda eliqhelekileyo impefumlelwano yonikezelo kunye nemfuno. Umzekelo, ikho into a trend yefashoni kubandakanya ukususwa kwezinto ezithile kuluhlu ixabiso eliphezulu, ukutyhefa eseleyo yexabiso kunye nomgangatho.

nezinto zodidi zisoloko zifunwa, kodwa injongo yokufumana olu didi bempahla ukuba ukwanelisa iimfuno ezibalulekileyo kunye nokugcina ubume bomntu, ukuba andise yakhe nokuzixabisa.

Le ndoda - iqumrhu loluntu, ngoko kusoloko enze ngokuhambelana okanye ngokuchasene izimvo zabanye. Ngoko ke, kwihlabathi lanamhlanje kwakukho ndoda kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho, nayo leyo eyenza ukhetho kwi nemiqathango yezibonelelo ezinqongopheleyo, kodwa iliso iimfuno zabo zengqondo kunye nezenzo yoluntu.

Ukubonakaliswa 'komntu kwezoqoqosho "ebantwini mihla

Cinga nje ngomzekelo womntu kwezoqoqosho, sizimisele ukuba imisebenzi yasekhaya.

Ingxaki: Masithi kukho ngezoqoqosho ivanov wamkela 100 engange. ngeyure nganye. Ukuba uthenga kwi iziqhamo wentengiso engange-80. kg ngalinye, ngoko ke kufuneka ukuba uchithe iyure ukuhambahamba emarikeni ukukhetha imveliso intle, beme emgceni. Le venkile wathengisa isiqhamo ezisemgangathweni ophezulu kwaye akukho umgcelele, kodwa ixabiso engange-120. ikilogram.

Umbuzo: Xa yintoni umthamo ukuthenga ivanov kuyacetyiswa ukuya emarikeni?

Isisombululo: ivanov lixabiso ithuba ixesha labo. Ukuba uchitha ukuba asebenze kwi-ofisi, uya kufumana 100 engange. Oko kukuthi, ukuba tirhisa esisiso kulo amaholo lixa ezivenkileni, xa umahluko amanani phakathi imali kufuneka ibe engange ebuncinaneni kwi-100. Ngoko ke, eveza umthamo emazithengwe ngu-X, ixabiso leziqhamo ezibuhlazarha ethengiswa kwimarike, iya kuba:

80X + 100 <120x

40X> 100

X> 2.5 kg.

Isiphelo: The Economist ivanov esisiso kuthenga kwimarike iziqhamo enganeno ezingaphezu kwe-2.5 kg. Ukuba ufuna ubungakanani encinci iziqhamo, oko kusengqiqweni ngakumbi okuzifumana ezi evenkileni.

indoda Modern kwande kwezoqoqosho, yena ungaziva okanye isigqibo unikela ngexabiso macala kwaye ungakhetha koluhambelwano lowo yokwenza umgquba efanele kuye indlela enkulu. Kwangaxeshanye, waqondisa yonke imiba kunokwenzeka: emali, ezentlalo, ngokwasengqondweni, yenkcubeko, njalo-njalo ..

Ngoko ke, le ndoda kwezoqoqosho ...

Yindlela esiwaphawula iimpawu ezingundoqo sizalwa umntu mihla kwezoqoqosho (eV):

1. izibonelelo ziyafumaneka kwi eV basoloko kuphela, kwaye ezinye zazo ziyahlaziyeka kunye namanye engachazwanga. Izibonelelo ziquka:

• yemvelo;
• izinto;
• zabasebenzi;
• ixesha;
• ulwazi.

2. umele usoloko ukhetha rectilinear nokulungelelanisa inkqubo ne ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: ozithandayo kunye nezithintelo. Ezikhethwayo akhiwa ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno zabantu, ulangazelelo kunye neminqweno yakhe, nokulinganiselwa ezisekelwe isixamali yokulahla kwezibonelelo ngamnye. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba njengoko amathuba okukhula, iimfuno zabantu usuke.

3. umele Iprojekti amabala izigqibo ezizezinye, uyakwazi ukuvavanya uzithelekise kunye nabanye.

4. Xa ukhetha eV ekhokelwa kuphela xa izinto zabo, kodwa wommandla sigqithisele unako ukufikelela ngamalungu osapho, abahlobo, abathandekayo, ogama umdla zibonwa ngumntu phantse ngokulinganayo lakhe. izinto zakhe kuyilwa phantsi kwempembelelo yonke ezahlukeneyo izinto, hayi nje lo mbandela.

5. Intsebenziswano phakathi kwabantu lwezentlalo nezoqoqosho aneenjongo zawo kuthatha uhlobo exchange.

6. Ukukhetha umele usoloko obengo, kodwa ngenxa yezibonelelo ezinqongopheleyo, kuquka iinkcukacha, umntu ukhetha ezinye yakhe edumileyo lowo leyo kakhulu ngcono ngaye.

7. umele Iprojekti unako ukwenza iimpazamo, kodwa iimpazamo zakhe random.

Uphononongo womntu kwezoqoqosho, iinjongo zakhe inyathelo, imilinganiselo yakhe ozikhethayo, kwakunye nezithintelo yokukhetha kuza kuvumela ulwazi olungcono ngokwabo njengoko izifundo ezipheleleyo nobudlelwane kwezentlalo noqoqosho. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba abantu baye baba kancinane abanolwazi kwimibandela yezoqoqosho, uze wenze iimpazamo ezimbalwa, ngokucwangcisiweyo ekuphuculeni umgangatho wobomi.