Eyona engundoqo amanqanaba kuphuhliso lolwazi zembali. Izigaba zophuhliso lenzululwazi yezembali

Ngawo onke amaxesha abantu ukwazi kakhulu. Babefuna ukwazi ukuba yintoni isiphelo sabo, yaye oko phambi kwabo. Inzala kwi iimfihlelo kwiinkulungwane adlulileyo Abalulola njengekrele ukwazi ngakumbi nangakumbi. Inkanuko kukhokelele kwinto yokuba abantu wadala enye zenzululwazi kakhulu ukuze lonke ixesha yobukho bomntu - ibali. Kunzima ukucinga ukuba uhlobo isiganeko okanye Eneneni zokuba abantu ukuba ukudala indalo enjalo, kodwa inzululwazi kwimbali zindala bonke. Iingcambu zayo yandisa ukususela kwixesha Greece yamandulo neRoma, xa ubhala, kukarhulumente, uncwadi kunye nobugcisa usaqala. Njengoko nasekusungulweni isintu ngokwaso ukuphuhlisa ibali, ngoko namhlanje banikwa ithuba elilodwa ngemehlo bemilo ixesha ngeziganeko kunye nabantu ababekade wahlala kwaye wasebenza izenzo ezikhulu. Kwakhona ichaphazela ukuzalana imbali kwezinye izifundo ezithandwayo kunye ezibalulekileyo ngexesha lethu, ezifana kwezopolitiko, intanda kunye economics. Uphawu efanayo ibonisa nsimbi kunye indispensability zembali njenge inzululwazi esisiseko. Wonke umntu ufuna ukwazi yonk ehlabathini, ngenxa yolwazi - sesona sixhobo sinamandla. Ngoko ke, imbali yenzelwe ukufunda ngaphambili ukuze nendlela uyakwazi ukuqonda ngcono langoku phambili elizayo.

Imbali - kwezesayensi okanye into ngaphezulu?

Ngokutsho izazinzulu ezininzi, Nakule mihla yaqala ngo-484 BC.

Kwaye ngaloo nyaka wazalwa yayingeyiyo uHerodotus of Halicarnassus, leyo ngokufanelekileyo ngokuba 'nguyise kwimbali. " Inkoliso yemisebenzi yakhe yembali bavunyelwa ukuba ubone ubomi kunye nezenzo Greece yamandulo, Scythia, ePersi kunye namanye amazwe. Le ndoda umbhali le imbali elaziwayo elibizwa ngokuba "History." Kweyobunzululwazi lwasemakhaya imibhalo ka nguHerodotus njengoko bible. Uninzi zezizwe yamandulo ezichazwe ziinzululwazi, wayehlala kwindawo ngoku Russia kunye Ukraine.

Eli gama livela kulwimi Greek. "Imbali" liguqulelwe ngokuthi "uphando" okanye inzululwazi ukuba ufunda ubomi kunye nobomi babantu ngaphambili. A definition ayemxinwa yimbali nje isayensi ufunda ezi ziganeko zembali izibakala yokuchazwa yabo njongo, ukufunda, kwaye kananjalo ukumisela ukulandelelana yonke inkqubo zembali.

Ukubonakala nguHerodotus kunye nezinye izazinzulu abasebenza kamva nempembelelo inkqubo lokusekwa ibali ngokwayo. Ukusuka kule ndawo uyakwazi ukubona amanqanaba eziphambili kuphuhliso lolwazi yezembali ukuba iye yakhula kule minyaka nangaphezulu wayizalisa ngakumbi amagama amatsha namabinza. Namhlanje, la manyathelo asisiseko kwi inkqubo ukufunda imbali yenzululwazi.

Izigaba zophuhliso lenzululwazi yezembali

Imbali usoloko kuphuhliswa kwimijikelo. Inkqubo ngendaleko akuzanga kuboniswa ulandelelwano. Inconstancy kwabantu kuzisa utshintsho olukhulu kwenzululwazi, ngaleyo ndlela kuyo. Phantse zonke izigaba zophuhliso lolwazi zembali iimpawu ezininzi. Ezi zibakala ezizodwa ziimpawu kwisigaba ngasinye eyedwa. Kukho izigaba ezine, ezizezi:

- isayensi Antique zembali.

- History Medieval.

- Inzululwazi imbali kule mihla.

- Inzululwazi yembali benkulungwane XX.

izigaba uphawu

Oku sele kuchaziwe ukuba amanqanaba kuphuhliso lolwazi zembali uneempawu zawo. Ngamnye kubo sizalwa omnye okanye enye inkalo eyahlula sigaba ababakhe uluhlu kwabanye.

1) Imbali yehlabathi lamandulo eyenza, njengoko zonke utoliko ezilandelayo nenzululwazi evela inguqulelo yokuqala. Eli nqanaba luphawulwa mpawu zilandelayo: indlela ebubuchule kwinzululwazi, iziganeko zembali zichazwa kunye kwendawo kunye noqoqosho indawo, apho kwakungekho iintlobo yokubalisa lwenzululwazi, ukuvelisa umahluko inzululwazi ibe nkalo.

2) I-Ages Aphakathi wazisa imbali ezinye izinto ezingafakwanga ngaphambili. Umzekelo, sele ngenkulungwane ye-17 umfanekiso jikelele kwimbali yeHlabathi kwasekwa. Kananjalo oko kumiselwa inkqubo efanayo maxesha, kunye nokukhula umdla ngaphambili inkqubela.

3) A ixesha elitsha - senkulungwane inzululwazi nobugcisa. Eli nyathelo luzise imbali ngokunzulu indlela entsha inkqubo yokufunda. Ngesayensi, ilawulwa yimigaqo ukungathathi icala, historicism kunye nohlalutyo olunzulu zemithombo yembali.

4) Kwanokuba kuthathelwa ingqalelo zonke izigaba zophuhliso ezintsha lolwazi zembali azizange ukusebenza Iyadubula ukuze kwinkulungwane XX. Ngeli xesha, eli bali liye isiseko ezopolitiko, isosioloji, ngezengqondo lwentlalo kunye nabanye. Science aza kusetyenziswa iinkokeli zezopolitiko yelo xesha ngenxa ubuxoki. Kwakhona eqongeni sophuhliso kube nempembelelo ekuweni kwezi emphaya lwamathanga. ithi abaninzi ongaziwa bakwazi ukuba bazibandakanye noluntu lwehlabathi kunye ukunika wonke nenkcubeko yabo.

Imbali njenge inzululwazi zaseprayimari nezasesekondari

Ngaphambili, yena ukuphawula nsimbi kunye nokusebenza imbali isayensi. Loo Umgwebo kubonakaliswa kukuba le inzululwazi kuthathwa eziziiprayimari njengoko lwesibini. Imbali Major unika ihlabathi yakulazi kuphela wezinto elidlulileyo, kodwa inegalelo elikhulu kwezinye zenzululwazi, ezifana bulumko kunye nezopolitiko. Nangona kunjalo, eli ibali ingasetyenziswa njengoko nemeko apho kuya kulungisa amanqanaba eziphambili ukuyilwa kwesayensi eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Umzekelo, amanqanaba zembali kuphuhliso lolwazi lokusingqongileyo engundoqo liphuhlise iminyaka emininzi. Ngamnye kubo kuphunyeziwe isakhelo ethile ixesha zaphawula ezahlukeneyo. Ukusuka apha uyakwazi ukuthetha ngembali kula manqanaba.

History nepolitiki

Ukukwazi ukulawula urhulumente kuye kwavela ixesha elide. Ukuze ufunde kulo msebenzi, iinkokeli ezininzi emkhosini, izazinzulu, okanye abemi nje owayesisityebi nayiphi na ilizwe wafundela iminyaka. Le ikhono ngokuba kwezopolitiko. Oku kungenziwa xa kuthelekiswa ne-art, njengoko ulawulo olunempumelelo kuzo zonke iinkqubo zikarhulumente, umntu kufuneka kancinci ngaphezu ngetalente nje. Oziphethe - a nomkroli, ogama nodongwe urhulumente kunye nobomi zalo. Le inzululwazi kwavela baza ngaxeshanye kunye ebalini. Inkqubo karhulumente of Greece, yaye apho kwakukho nkqubo, negalelo kuphuhliso lwayo. Izigaba ezingundoqo kuphuhliso lwe kwezopolitiko ulwazi kwimbali enxulumene inkqubo ukuyilwa nenzululwazi zembali. Oku kungenxa yokuba inkqubo zembali Kwandile nkqubo yabangela. Uninzi abapolitiki "baziincamisa 'besebenzisa ulwazi lwabo nembali ukuze sinyanzele ezingqondweni izihlwele. Kodwa leyo esinye isihloko.

Izigaba zezembali eziphambili kuphuhliso lolwazi bulumko

Imbali nefilosofi phantse lonke ifumaneka kwi olusondeleyo nabanye. Ezi zenzululwazi ukulucalula nokuphuhlisa ngokwabo. Imbali ikuvumela ukuba jonga kwi indlela ihlabathi kwixesha elidlulileyo, kwaye utyhila bulumko ngokomoya, eli elidlulileyo kunye nomntu womntu.

Uphuhliso engumzekelo ezi inzululwazi kuzise ehlabathini isebe elitsha ngokupheleleyo nolwazi - imbali bulumko. It ikuvumela ukuba jonga kwi indlela yokuphuhlisa kwintanda-bulumko kuthathelwa ingqalelo ezi ziganeko zembali enxulumene nolu phuhliso. ixesha emikhulu formational ezi ubudlelwane zentlalo-qoqosho.

Kubume bayo, imbali kunye bulumko - kwesayensi ezinxulumeneyo. Umahluko kuphela kukuba-bulumko indlela abameli zezi Sciences. Ukuba mbali banomdla kuphela maxesha kunye nezinye iinkalo zobomi bomntu elidlulileyo, zobulumko ingqalelo imbono yokomoya zehlabathi. Kodwa amanqanaba uphuhliso lolwazi zembali ukunceda ukuchonga ixesha ukubunjwa nefilosofi nophuhliso. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho la manyathelo alandelayo-bulumko:

- Ifilosofi yamhlamnene.

- Ifilosofi feudal.

- Ifilosofi yongxowankulu-formational.

- ifilosofi yanamhlanje nenzululwazi.

UMthetho lwezigaba ezithathu

Imbali kuphela wanika, kodwa wafumana iingenelo ezithile ukusuka bulumko yophuhliso ehlangeneyo. Emva ngo-1830 imfundiso bakukhutshelwa phambili, nto leyo kamva yaba ngumthetho. Kungenxa ngeendlela ezininzi echazwe ixesha. Umbhali walo, Ogyust akhawunti, obizwa imfundiso le "umthetho izigaba ezithathu zophuhliso yezembali nolwazi." Wacebisa ukuba naluphi na ulwazi kunye neeNkcukacha nezigaba ezithathu eziphambili kwinkqubo yokuphunyezwa engqondweni yomntu. Ezi ezintathu Isigaba ithiyori ukwaba ngokufundisisa lokuqonda koluntu. Yi umthetho kuchazwe banzi aze alikhangele zonke izigaba zophuhliso ngenzululwazi zembali.

Inkcazelo amanqanaba "Umthetho izigaba ezithathu"

isigaba nganye injongo yayo. Kukho kuphela nezigaba ezithathu: ngezakwaLizwi, ezintweni, eyakhayo. Iimpawu ze nganye emiselwe imisebenzi lenza.

1) Isigaba ubufundisi ukujonga ukufumana ulwazi abangekaphuhli malunga nantoni na. Kulo mzekelo, ingqondo yomntu na njengemveku karhulumente. Yonke inkqubo yangaphandle luchazwa umzekeliso ngezenzo zethu.

2) I-ezintweni Isigaba - i "iposi mvelo". Kweli nqanaba, ingqondo uyabaleka ulwazi ngokupheleleyo. Ngokungafaniyo kwinqanaba lokuqala kuphela into yokuba umntu uyakwazi ukucinga obusebenza ngayo, yaye hayi uthelekiso banal.

3) Kuhle kwincopho ngendaleko yokucinga. Xa umongo wale nyathelo ukuqaliswa lwazi ngendlela kwishishini elithile. Ngokutsho Comte, eli nqanaba yeyona kakhulu, kuba ibonisa ngendaleko kolwazi ethile engqondweni yomntu.

Nalo mbono, amanqanaba uphuhliso imbali izaliswe izibakala kunye neziganeko, kwakunye ukufunda okuninzi aqikelele ngakumbi. "Umthetho" ubonisa inkqubo yophuhliso oluqhubela phambili imbali njenge inzululwazi.

imbali Now

Ngoko ke, eli nqaku ingqalelo imvelaphi kunye nezigaba eziphambili kuphuhliso lolwazi yezembali, kunye nenzululwazi ezinxulumeneyo. Kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje ibali ibuyise indima ebalulekileyo. It is a inzululwazi esisiseko kwinkqubo yokufunda. Ukongeza, izazinzulu bacebisa nenzululwazi ulwazi olutsha ngokusebenzisa iiteknoloji ezintsha kunye nobuchule.