Inani labantu kweNqila Perm: nobuni yobuhlanga kunye nobuninzi

Perm Kama - ndawo ekhethekileyo ethno-zenkcubeko nentlonipho. Le abemi Perm kummandla ukutyhubela imbali yayo sazivelela ngeentlanga ukususela kakuhle ngabantu balo zahlukile ngokupheleleyo yaye ulwimi imvelaphi, naphezu izithethe kunye nendlela yokuphila. Ngenxa yoko ethno nenkcubeko entsonkothileyo umdla kakhulu, unique eRashiya kunye neziphaluka zayo ayifumaneki. Inani labantu ekuMmandla Perm ngexesha ubukho yayo wakha ulwalamano nje iindlela zokudala uxolo, akwabakho ungquzulwano lobuhlanga.

ubuzwe

Intsebenziswano phakathi kwezizwe kulo mmandla bekusoloko kwenzeka ngenkuthalo, phakathi yeempawu - ezininzi ukuboleka yobuhlanga ngenxa ukunxibelelana nabamelwane babo. Inani labantu kweNqila Perm uye wasebenzisa ngeendlela ezininzi kunye shiyana eziphembelela - de kube nokwenziwa epheleleyo. Kule mimandla enkulu kunye ngoku kukho abangaphezu kwekhulu elinamanci mabini nobuzwe, endingowakhe kumaqela amathathu neelwimi: Finno-Ugric, eTurkey, Slavic. Oku lula ngenxa yezizathu zabo, nto leyo eza kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku. Kutheni Region Perm inabemi zesakhiwo Abase ezahlukahlukeneyo? Kuqala kwinto zonke, ngenxa yokuba ummandla Kama ebesoloko sisekunqumlaneni kweendlela yembali izizwe abaye mhlawumbi enambuzelayo kweenxweme Kama, uya kuze ukuwela phambene Mountains endleleni eya eSiberia, evela eYurophu, and vice versa - ukusuka eSiberia kwimpucuko.

Apha nangoku ndlela ibalulekileyo ukunxibelelana Russian Plain kunye Western eYurophu hlathi kunye emathafeni imimandla Asia, ngokunjalo kunye nempuma. Inani labantu kummandla Perm, Perm Territory luhlala elunxwemeni Kama emva ngaloo mihla, xa kuphela komlambo nemingenela yawo ahambe urhwebo ngezinto zakudala. Kakade ke, oku konke babe negunya nefuthe lazo ukuyilwa sisincoko oluntsonkothileyo kuzwelonke. Sele kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba kwakukho abahlali abasisigxina Russian, Bashkir, Tatar, Mari, Udmurt kunye Komi-Permian kunye Mansi. Yemihla kakhulu yamandulo ebizwa ngokuba abo owenza ityala wokuqala kwisithili Perm yommandla Perm - izizwe Permian, ngenye indlela - Zyrians ezo lusungulo Komi-Perm kunye Komi-Zyrian, yaye ekuqaleni waphila apha Ugra sesizwe - iminyanya Khanty-mihla Mansi. Emva koko, kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, imbali kakhulu kwilizwe lethu kuye kwakhokelela apha kunye nabameli bezinye iintlanga ezininzi.

Russian kanye Ukraine

Abantu abaninzi baninzi apha kule minyaka ilikhulu yokugcina Russian, baba khona mzuzu ngaphezulu ezibini nesiqingatha sesigidi, okanye 85.2% yabemi bebonke lommandla Perm. Ezinza ngokulinganayo ngaphezulu uninzi imimandla kugcwele. Ngaphandle ke Bardymsky kuphela kunye nezithili ezintlanu e Komi-Perm Ukuzilawula District, Russian kukho 38.2% kuphela. Uninzi olungenakuphikiswa Russian kuhlala isixeko Perm Krai. Ngokutsho labemi ezidolophini uyawongamela - 75,74%, ngokwedatha ngo-2017. Wonke kummandla Perm ilikhaya kubantu 2.632.097 ukuxinana abantu 16,43 square kilometre. Russian kulo mmandla - beza abantu, baza baqalisa ukuhlala apha ukususela ngenkulungwane elinesihlanu, xa amazwe Verkhnekamsk yaba yinxalenye karhulumente Russian. Ngaphezu koko, baya ngasentla, kwaye nabalimi. Nokwandiswa kwezi imida ukuya ngasempuma Russian kakuhle ilizwe entsha yokuqala. Kwinkulungwane elinesixhenxe apho kwasekwa compact noqolileyo iqela kuzwelonke, nto leyo yaba yinxalenye uhlanga Russian.

Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, oko nangakumbi wesixeko Perm Krai. ummandla elinabantu baba enabantu abaninzi, yaye ukwakhiwa yobuhlanga kunzima kakhulu ngakumbi. waqala Ezi bahlali abafika kwindawo ekude kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1897 kwakukho sele oyimbumba ahlala Ukraine enye anamanci asithoba anamihlanu kwaye ngomnyaka wamashumi amabini ka kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, baye kakhulu ngakumbi - phantse eziliwaka. Bahlala Okhansk Osa kunye counties, weza apha ngenxa yokuvuselelwa komhlaba Stolypin. Ngoku ke inani labantu lwe Ukrainian ubuzwe Perm Territory ingaphezulu kwe elinesithandathu lamawaka abantu. Bahlala phantse yonke imizi: Kizel, imilebe, Gremyachinsk, Berezniki, Aleksandrovsk, njengoko kukho ezimbalwa kwezi abafuduki District Ukuzilawula Komi-Perm.

Belarusians nezibonda

weza apha emva Russian yokuqala Belarusians ekupheleni kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo. Ekuqaleni aba ngaphantsi kancinane abantu asibhozo, kuquka inxalenye enkulu - kwisithili Perm. Ngexesha ngokutsha komhlaba, ke kakhulu isekelwe inani ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, kukho sele ngaphezu kwamawaka amathathu. Uninzi Belarusians - baloo lali, babehlala wayesoloko compact, ukugcina ulwimi kunye nezithethe bonke ubomi. Ngoku ke kummandla Perm emithandathu enesiqingatha amawaka, yaye Okhansk Osa kunye neendawo zazo esezantsi, wonke umntu waya kufika emdeni wekampu entla, kuloo ndawo le mveliso yezimali. Kwaye shishino likhula ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, njengoko abemi kummandla Perm nor beyo, oko akwanelanga ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba kule nkqubo. Development kunye nobunjineli, kunye petrochemical, imichiza, yokucokisa ioli, amahlathi, Intlama nePhepha, zokusebenza kunye noshicilelo mveliso.

Nazi ke ahle and non-ayoni yokunyibilikisa isinyithi ephambili, ngokunjalo oyile, amalahle, nepotashi kunye netyuwa. Umsebenzi bekusoloko kakhulu, kwaye ngoku bonke abantu eyomeleleyo yommandla Perm kule nkalo, kungekhona isiqalekiso. Phambi kokuba revolution, waba Perm yayisisixeko ezaziwayo-kakuhle amabanjwa ezopolitiko. Ingakumbi phakathi wabuyisa abantu abaninzi izibonda asekuthinjweni phandle apha kwinkulungwane elinesibhozo emva kwexesha, xa Poland yayiyinxalenye yoBukhosi baseRashiya, wathabatha inxaxheba intshukumo inkululeko yesizwe. Ukubalwa 1897 ibonisa isixa ziliwaka kunye nabemi encinane imvelaphi Polish. Perm iye ikhaya labo yesibini. Kufuneka ke ukuba inani labo phantsi kummandla Kama ngazo zonke ezi nkulungwane phantse ukhulise. Ngowe-1989, izibonda kwi Perm Territory ngo-1183 wayengumntu.

Komi

Komi-Permian, ukubayinxalenye kwezizwe Finno-Ugric umiwe ukususela kwinkulungwane yeshumi, ilizwe elikhulu efikelela kuyo i Kama River. ulwimi lwabo kunye imvelaphi basondele ezizweni Komi kunye Udmurtia. Kwinkulungwane elinesihlanu i Komi-Permian ulibo kwizizwana Urals wajoyina uRhulumente Russian. Ukuxinana abemi kummandla Perm ngaloo mihla nga phezulu kangako. Ukuba ngo 1869 kubalo yabonisa 62.130 Permian Komis abahlala Kama sokuhlambela, ngo-1989 apho sele abantu 123.371 abantu. Ukuba olu hlanga core yobuhlanga, wasekwa ngo-1925, i-District National (ukususela ngowe-1977 waba stand-alone computers). Abemi zedolophu kummandla Perm, ukuba abathanga nizalise, njengokuba kwezinye iintlanga. Kwenzeka ukuba baqale phezu amava koqoqosho kunye nenkcubeko basemzini Russian, nangenxa inkoliso yabo bahlala kwimimandla yasemaphandleni. Phakathi abasebenzi elizenzekelayo Russian Finno-Ugric Komi-Permian nesabelo eliphezulu abemi Perm Krai - kwisithili, ukuba kwabalelwa kuba ngaphezu kwe ezingamashumi amathandathu ekhulwini ngo-1989. Ngoku iinombolo zabo ziyancipha kakhulu, njengoko, eneneni, kwaye bonke abantu Russia. Ngowe-2002, 103.500 ye Komi-Perm, yaye ngo-2010 - 81 000 kuphela.

Oku kucingwa yinxalenye yeqela nobuhlanga i Komi-Perm Komi yazvintsy - enyanisweni uhlanga kakhulu ezahlukeneyo. abameli bawo bahlala kwiindawo Solikamsk kunye Krasnovishersk, apho lo mlambo uqala Yazva River. Baye akukho ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa ulwimi baye baqhubeka ezabo kwakunye bangoobani uhlanga. Enkcubeko kunye noluntu Okukodwa iyayahlula kubo kubamelwane babo. Yintoni na ke abemi bommandla Perm ubungayi kuba nebhongo iingcambu zabo, imvelaphi yabo? Kakade ke, apha kukho nokwenziwa, maxa wambi de lokutshabalala uphawu iimpawu yobuhlanga, kodwa bonke izizwe anihambanga ngale ndlela ukuya ekupheleni. Nangona into yokuba ngoku kukho abantu malunga namawaka amabini kuphela, imvelaphi Komi-yazvintsy ixabiso kakhulu.

Muncie and Udmurt

Mansi sizwe kwavela kwinkulungwane yeshumi, kwimpuma kummandla Kama - kule Urals. Emva kwenkulungwane yeshumi, bahlala kumaqondo eziliqela Prikamye - Cherdynsky kunye Kungurskye counties. Kwakhona compact Mansi wayehlala efikelela kuyo Vishera lomlambo kunye Chusovaya umlambo. Inani labantu Mansi kufumaniseka ukuba aba lolu kuphela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo, ukususela kubalo lokuqala kulo mmandla ngo-1795. kancinci ngoko kwakukho abantu abangaphezu kwamakhulu amabini. Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, inkoliso yabo bafudukela kweli Urals, e Verkhotursky County, River Lozvy. Ngoku Mansi phantse yanyamalala kummandla Perm. Kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo 1989 ukuba kuthiwe engamashumi amabini anesithandathu kuphela, yaye ngowe-2002 baba kancinane ngakumbi - mathathu ananye.

Udmurt Zakamye wangena ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi, sahlala isefu emlanjeni. Njengoko zisoloko zaba nabahedeni, baba nexesha nzima kummandla Kama. Yaqala inchurching, ukomelezwa yengcinezelo feudal. Noko ke, iinkolelo zabo kunye nezinyanya izithethe Udmurt igcinwe. ulwimi lwabo luphawulwa anachronisms ezininzi, kodwa inkcubeko lobuhlanga kwakudibana iimpembelelo ezininzi, kwakukho okuninzi ukuboleka. indawo elinamasiko ayikwazanga ezichaphazela, ingakumbi xa abantu Russian ibisoloko namandla. Udmurt bakholelwa ukuba iinkqubo macala singekhe azikhethe lukhulu, kodwa inani elimangalisayo, izinto zasekhaya zemikhosi zonqulo bakwazi ukugcina ukususela kumaxesha amandulo kakhulu. Ngowe-1989, xa kummandla Perm waphila phantse amashumi amathathu amawaka Udmurt, oko kukuthi ngaphezu kancinane ngaphezu kwesinye ekhulwini labantu bebonke. Icwecwe - kwisithili zembali Kuedinsky iqela phantse ngamawaka amathandathu abantu (elinesixhenxe ekhulwini abemi mmandla). Kubomi bemihla ngemihla, ukuthetha ulwimi lomthonyama baze bafunde oko ezikolweni, amaqhina yenkcubeko kunye Udmurtia - ezweni zembali - sihlale sisondele. Ngokutsho kubalo-2010, bona kummandla Perm kwakukho abantu abangaphezu kwama amabini amawaka.

Mari

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe kumazantsi kweNqila Perm kwiSithili Suksunsky, phezu Sylva River, tywa Mari. Ngaloo mihla, kuMbindi iVolga, Liphi na ke ngoku lo Republic of Mari El ungekabikho wahambisana eRashiya, kodwa Mari iye kwayeka ukuya emazantsi Kama. Le ungowakhe iqela elingasempuma yabantu Mari, kwaye emva kokuba yokufuduka, baza eyaziwa ngokuba Permian Mari. Abameli baphile apha nje kuphela kodwa kummandla Sverdlovsk kunye Bashkortostan. ulwimi lwabo lo mmiselo zoncwadi le iyonke Mari akukho ezahlukeneyo, ngendlela efanayo waphuma lwesigodi emadlelweni.

Kwingingqi Perm inani ngabahlali ngokusisigxina Mari encinane,% 0.2 kuphela labemi, leyo malunga emithandathu enesiqingatha amawaka abantu 1989. Ngoku, singasathethi - nje amawaka amane. Compact, bahlala Kuedinsky, Chernushinsky, Oktobha, kwaye District Suksunsky Kishertsky. Baqhubeka isithethe sabantu Mari, esizibonakalisa ngendlela yokunxiba, xa ukuziphatha leeholide zonqulo ekhaya besebenzisa ulwimi lwabo lweenkobe.

abantu eTurkey

AmaTatar zenza qela likhulu labantu ezahlukeneyo Kama. Xa kufika Khanate Kazan, iVolga AmaTatar bagaleleka ahlale Southern Kama. Ukufumaneka inkulu kubo emilanjeni Tulve, Sylva, Iren kwaye yonke imimandla ezingqongileyo. Ukujoyina ummandla iVolga kwaye i AmaTatar of eSiberia, ngubani bafudukela kakhulu ngaphambili kwi kweli lizwe. Perm AmaTatar ezi owahlukeneyo kakhulu. abaphandi Territorial ezichongiweyo amaqela ezininzi uhlanga: Bashkirs tulvinskie, kunye mullinskie sylvensko-irenskie Tatar. Ekuqaleni ekupheleni koo zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini wahlala iminyaka elikhulu elinamanci amahlanu amawaka mahlanu abantu kummandla Perm, eseyiphantse anesihlanu ekhulwini labantu bebonke. Wahlala phezu ezilishumi elinambini ummandla indawo lommandla. Okokuqala - kwizixeko. It Gremyachinsk, Kizel, Lysva, Chusovoy. AmaTatar nabo bahlala kwiindawo - Chernushinsky, Uinskoye, Suksun, Perm, Ohrid, Oktobha, Kungur kunye Kuedinsky. Kwisithili Oktyabrsky, umzekelo, nangezinto akhawunti phantse amashumi amathathu ekhulwini labemi.

beza Bashkirs kula mazwe kwinkulungwane weshumi njengenxalenye zezindlu eziliqela, waya kuhlala kwiindawo Osa kunye Bardymsky kwasekwa iqela compact ngenkuthalo yayingeyonxalenye i Finno-Ugric abemi yamandulo bendawo. Iindawo yommandla Perm, apho abantu zamaTurkic ahlala aye alondolozwa ukususela kwinkulungwane yeshumi. Unxibelelwano phakathi kweentlanga ezahlukeneyo kakhulu, kwaye abemi ngoko kuphela Bashkir ngakumbi lincitshiswe. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, Bashkirs abaninzi baphulukana yesazisi ngokukhawuleza uhlanga. Tatar impembelelo ngokusebenzisa inkcubeko nolwimi wabakhokelela sizenokuzithumela nangezinto. Ubalo bamaxesha angaphambili musa ukubonisa nomfanekiso ochanekileyo. Naxa 1989 amashumi amawaka abantu ubalo bazichaza Bashkirs, kunye nolwimi lweenkobe - Tatar. Yabemi Russia liyehla ngokukhawuleza. Ngowe-1989, i-Bashkirs kummandla Perm yaba bantu amahlanu anesibini amawaka, yaye ubalo ka-2010 lwabonisa ngamashumi amabini anamabini amawaka kuphela.

kananjalo

Chuvash waqala ukusuka kummandla Perm ngayo kwinkulungwane yokuqala yamashumi kwiidolophu ezahlukeneyo Chuvashia, nanko kuba yabonakala wengxinano kunye ukunqongophala komhlaba, amahlathi kunye amadlelo. Iliza yesibini yemfuduko uye kule ngamahlanu. Kwi yee- ongasekhoyo Chuvash kwaba elinanye lamawaka, yaye ngo-2010 - ezine kuphela. Ngakumbi babehlala kummandla Perm ka amaJamani - ngaphezulu kwe elinesihlanu lamawaka, koko, bahlala apha kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Ekuqaleni wamashumi amabini apho malunga eziliwaka elinamakhulu amahlanu yaye nangokuthinjelwa added yet abantu abangaphezu kwamashumi amane amawaka emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Uninzi - ukusuka kummandla iVolga. Kwaye emva kwemfazwe, amaJamani ngandlela ithile ngokuzithandela bahlale kwezi ndawo emantla. Ngoku, ke, phantse bonke babesele kwilizwe labo yimbali. Ngo-2010, kwafuneka malunga namawaka amathandathu.

kwafika amaYuda ukuya Kama ukusuka Belarus ngenkulungwane ye-yeshumi elinesithoba, uNicholas I wabanika lomhlaba apha "kuba Pale of Settlement." Ngowe-1864 e Perm kwakukho malunga amahlanu iintsapho. Bebeziingcibi, oogqirha, oosokhemisti, iinjineli, iimvumi, kwaye ekuqaleni izilumko Permian kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Sele ngowe-1896 kuphela e Perm malunga kwenkulungwane abantu. Ngowe-1920 - ezintathu ezinesiqingatha iwaka. Ngowe-1989 - ezintlanu nesiqingatha amawaka. Koko, emva nokulatyuza yokushiywa ukuya kubalo-2002 lwabonisa 2.6 amawaka amaYuda kummandla Perm. Kwakhona kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba kwakukho apha Caucasians. Kwakukho, Kakade ke, kancinane. Kodwa uyakwazi kumangaliswa kunye neziphumo 2002 zobalo. Ebumba Kuhlala entsha - neCaucasus kunye Central Asia. Inani Tajiks, umzekelo, liye landa izihlandlo eziliqela. Ngo-2002, Armenia apha baba ngamawaka amahlanu Azerbaijani - 5.8 amawaka, Georgians - 1.6. Tajiks kwaye Uzbeks - amawaka amabini, Kazakhs - phantse eziliwaka, yaye ke, ngaphantsi kancinane Kyrgyz. Nantso lonke ixesha kwendalo yeembacu ico. Kodwa ke Korea baqalisa ukuhlala apha kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba ngasekupheleni, nangona ngamanani amancinci kakhulu.

Isixeko uMmandla Perm

Likomkhulu ngingqi Perm sisixeko elimangalisayo Perm - a hub izithuthi ezikhulu kunye nezibuko kunye Trans-Siberian Railway. Labemi - ngaphezu kwesigidi - 1.041.876, ngokwedatha ngo-2016. Slaven city Nigella, wafumana iwonga ngo-1966. Ukususela ngo-2006 embindini i yokuhlala ezidolophini. Chernushka, ibekwe ngasezantsi kwingingqi Perm, ikhaya kubantu phantse engamashumi amathathu anesithathu amawaka. Kuyinto neziko-mveliso, apho lezemigodi processing yeoli, yenziwe kakuhle kakhulu kwishishini lokwakha.

Abemi ikhula kancinci ngenxa yokufika abafakwa, njengoko kubekho ukwanda ezinye zendalo: ngo-2009, umzekelo, yaba yokugqibela ikhulu elinamanci mabini amane umntu. Waphila apha elinesihlanu kunye nesiqingatha sesigidi amadoda phantse ishumi elinesibhozo lamawaka abafazi. Yiloo bonke abantu ringlets. ummandla Perm lonke, kakhulu, kwenzeka izinga eliphezulu lokufa besilisa. IsiXeko uselula, yaye iminyaka avareji yeminyaka mathathu anane. kuqamba sikaZwelonke owahlukeneyo kakhulu, phantse zonke ezi iintlanga zikhona apha.

Berezniki

Yeyona yesibini ngobukhulu (emva Perm) ekupheleni komzi kunye nobume kwisithili ezisezidolophini ukubaluleka lwengingqi. Apho abantu 146.626 kuphila. Ukwanda bendalo kwesixeko engenaxabiso. Inani labantu. Berezniki (ummandla Perm) - isixeko ukuba ekupheleni koo ekuqaleni ayaba njengoko amathathu ekhulwini abemi balo. Abantu baphila ixesha elide ngaphezu abafazi - 56,9%. Phantse bonke abafazi apha ubudala - 74% ye abadala. Ngo-2010, kubalwe abantu, yaye oko kwabonisa ukuba Russian e Berezniki 92,6%. Ezinye izizwe sikhona, kodwa yona ibe ncinci kakhulu.

imephu nobuhlanga i Kama kakhulu nzima ngakumbi kwiminyaka yakutshanje ngenxa izinto ezintathu. Lokuqala - intshukumo ngokwendalo labemi, lo wesibini - yokufuduka emva sokonakalisa waseUSSR, eyesithathu - inkqubo ngokuya kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, yaye olu tshintsho zingqondweni uhlanga (imitshato mixed fusion iinkcubeko). Nje Kama wahlala abangaphezu kwekhulu elinamanci mabini kwiintlanga.