European Monetary System

Ukusukela ekusekweni kwayo, i-European Monetary System (EMS) iye itsale ingqalelo kakhulu kwesiseko sokuhlanganisa imihlambi eyalanayo ubudlelwane ezopolitiko.

amathuba ekhathazekile kwenkqubo global ngezimali ezinereyithi engenasigxina yayo ongumsunguli EBU zooyise ebekwe ukubuyisela indlela rates exchange ezisisigxina kodwa adjustable ezininzi yaseYurophu uLuntu. Loo nkqubo iza kwenza kube lula ukuba ukukhusela nomthamo zorhwebo yaseYurophu yangaphakathi enkulu evela utshintsho elibukhali ukhuphiswano. Kwakhona wayeza umda divergence zikazwelonke emali, ukuvumela ukuba ukumisela kwamaxabiso ngaphantsi eguqukayo kwaye ezikhokelela "ummandla uzinzo kwezemali".

Ngelo xesha linye i-European Monetary System yavavanywa njengeprojekthi yebhongo kakhulu, njengoko ubuyela ulawulo lwemali yaseYurophu kwamanye amazwe, neziqapheleka France kunye Italy, wahlala angazihoyi iinzame kwangethuba ubunye.

Inkqubo kamva sazivelela, unyathele ngaphaya injongo yayo yokuqala: owenza indlela yolawulo lwemali le-European Economic Community (eEC) waba ukuvumelana esinzima kwenkcazelo yomgaqo-lawulo wemali, ukuhamba lwenkunzi liphezulu kunokuba kwakunjalo kwiminyaka yokuqala ka-EMU.

Yonke into ihlabathi oqhagamshelwano phakathi, ingakumbi kummandla yobudlelwane emali kumgangatho wehlabathi. Ngoko kuyimfuneko kukuthi amagama ambalwa malunga nenkqubo lawulo kwihlabathi xa lilonke, izigaba zokugqibela zophuhliso:

· Paris inkqubo yemali (iminyaka 1816-1914), ngokusekelwe kwi-standard yegolide.

· Umgangatho Gold bullion (1914-1941), okwaye kwabonelela ngotshintshiselwano imali yephepha ukwenzela izitena zegolide onobunzima hayi ngaphantsi kwe-12.5 eekhilogram.

Bekunye igolide phezu ngexesha iintlawulo ngamazwe baye bamkela US dollar eemina omhle.

· Ngowe-1922, inkomfa eyayibanjelwe e Genoa, okunyusileyo kunye abameli kumazwe angama-34, ukuxoxa imiba monetarism emva leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, isicwangciso ekuphulukenwe nalo kuMbindi Mpuma Yurophu kunye nesivumelwano phakathi koqoqosho nkulu baseYurophu kwaye urhulumente Soviet omtsha.

Emva koko inkqubo ngamaRoma emali laliqulunqwe (1922-1944), nto leyo isisiseko umgangatho gold.

· Ekubeni iMfazwe Yehlabathi Second kwazanywa ukugcina uzinzo phakathi iimali ezinkulu kwi inkqubo usisigxina, ebizwa isivumelwano eBretton Woods, leyo folokohlo ebutsheni boo-1970.

Noko ke, iinkokeli aseYurophu wafuna kumgaqo iirhafu ezizinzileyo, ngokushiya umgaqo ezidadayo amazinga otshintshiselwano, ethandwayo eUnited States.

amazwe zazivumile ngo-1972 ukuba ukuxhasa ubudlelwane lwemali. Nenkqubo emali, owaziwa ngelika "Inyoka etoneleni" wayeza ukuthintela ukuhla abangaphezu kwama-2.25 yepesenti.

Yaba lilinge lokuqala intsebenziswano entsimini ubudlelwane emali, enyanisweni, sibopha zonke iimali eEC kunye nabanye. Nangona urhulumente ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwaqhubeka de 1979, okunene yaqala ukuna ngaphandle ngowe-1973, ngokunxulumene oscillation simahla ye-dollar.

I-European Monetary System yasekwa ngo-1979 ukuze uzinzise izinga kwimimandla yezoqoqosho zifakiwe kwi-European Union. Ke kwakukho iyunithi currency European (ECU), ngokusekelwe nengobozi kwemali. ECU waye owandulela i Euro.

Kumanqanaba okuqala mbutho akuzange kuncede ngokupheleleyo, kwakukho iingxaki ezininzi zobugcisa. uhlengahlengiso Periodic ziye zandisa ixabiso ezimali olomeleleyo esehlisa buthathaka.

Noko ke, emva 1986, utshintsho imiqathango amazinga enzala kazwelonke zisetyenziswa ukugcina lwemali ngaphakathi lomqolo emxinwa (ukusuka rate central efanayo). Amazwe abathatha inxaxheba kule nkqubo, kwafuneka ukuba ahambelane unit lusekiwe, nto leyo igalelo isigqibo ekulweni kwamaxabiso.

Ukumisela indlela izinga lotshintshiselwano ezichanekileyo (ERM) kuwo onke States Amaqela 1990 United Kingdom zange bahambisane. Kwanyanzeleka ukuba ayinike phezulu kwakhona ngo-1992, kuba wasilela ukuhlala phakathi kwemida ERM.

Le projekthi, Noko ke, waqhubeka ukuphuhlisa ngokungqinelana i Maastricht iSivumelwano, yaqinisekisa ukubaluleka kobume nemibutho.

Ngowe-1999, xa kwakukho Yuro, inkqubo imali yaseYurophu iye yaphela, nangona ukuba indlela izinga lonaniselwano iyaqhubeka ukusebenza.