Market Regional - yintoni na le nto? Formation, ulawulo, uhlalutyo, iingxaki kwiimarike zengingqi

Abantu abaninzi cela imarike yengingqi - yintoni na le nto? Zisebenza njani? Oko Imelwe ingxaki? Ezi kunye nezinye imibuzo eza kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku. Uphuhliso loqoqosho lwengingqi, umbutho kumaqumrhu zoshishino kunye ukwahlulwa-ntle kwi ukusebenza kazwelonke nawengingqi lokuvelisa kunye abangele ukuyilwa imarike yengingqi.

definition

market Regional - oku umda sendawo yorhwebo kwegazi. Ngokomzekelo, omnye umhlalutyi kwimarike A. S. Novosolov uthi imarike yommandla lo mbutho lwengingqi kwisigaba ejikeleza, leyo ukulungelelanisa iimfuno kwabathengi kunye nabavelisi. Ababhali abaninzi, ucinga izimvo ababengaphambi kunye nombono zobuqu, ezama ukubamba kwinkcazelo izinto ezisisiseko okuluphawu imarike yengingqi.

Umhlaziyi SN Alpysbaeva ikholelwa ukuba imarike yengingqi - a imimandla umda, inkqubo evulekileyo kunye nemibutho kakhulu lobudlelwane zorhwebo kunye amatyathanga apho ngabathwali ukuveliswa nemfuneko, ukuxhasa izinto yokwenene-kwisekethe, ityala kunye nokuphuma kwemali kunye nemali kwi zommandla lo nangaphaya kwemida contact imida yayo, kunye nokusekwa yendaleko imeko yeziko elitsha kule ngingqi.

inkqubo

Uyavuma, imarike yengingqi - kwinkqubo. Kulo iinkcazelo ngentla azinazo iindawo ezenza le kwisiqulatho imarike yengingqi, ezifana nonxibelelwano yendalo: ulwalamano kukhuphiswano, ubunini ukuzala ngamnye, iimeko umsebenzi womthetho yexabiso. Xa sijonge le ngqwalasela, siyakwazi ukunika le nkcazo ilandelayo imalike lwengingqi: uhlobo imarike yengingqi yobudlelwane ziveza kwezoqoqosho nezentlalo ukuthenga nokuthengisa, nto leyo evumela ukuba uphumeze ukusasazwa nokutshintshiselana kwemveliso kunye neenkonzo ngokusekelwe kunezixhobo iindleko, kuthathelwa yonikezelo akhawunti kunye nemfuneko, nokudala unxulumano phakathi sabelo kunye nokunikezelwa kweempahla ukuba ukubonelela umdlalo labucala kunye nesithili, izifundo zolawulo, ngesifo sephepha kunye nokuveliswa phantsi kweemeko kwezibonelelo yokungeneli kunye nokusingqongileyo ukhuphiswano.

Kule nkqubo, imarike wesithili njengoko ngumkhuba indawo yezoqoqosho libhekisela evulekileyo, ukuba kwinkqubo. Phantsi mezorynkom (market kagunyaziwe) lisoloko libhekisela kwinkqubo evulekileyo kunye nombutho yobucukubhede yaye, ke ngoko, kwezi parameters igalelo ukutyhilwa kwalo kakhulu.

ukusebenza

Development yemarike lwengingqi, siza kuqwalasela ngakumbi, yaye ngoku ukufunda nesakhiwo sayo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba imarike yengingqi kwakhona kuchaphazela amacandelo superstructure le: ihlabathi yeziko. Noko ke, market wengingqi inkqubo kuzisa njengomba kwempembelelo kwi iinkcukacha yorhwebo langaphandle ivela njenge ezizisekondari awusebenzi kwisiqulatho Ipharamitha isenzeko koqoqosho.

Emakethe yendawo ngendlela eyayingekaphuhli uboniswa njengoba iqela unxulumano kwindawo ethile.

Ukuba ungenisa ngokwemiqathango inyathelo nokusingelwa yezoqoqosho thina, imarike iba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo njengendlela market Canon umthetho ukhuphiswano, ixabiso, unikezelo, imfuno, kunye nezinye. Ngelo xesha linye ukwahluka ezilula iya kuba ezayo kobudlelwane ukuhlanganisa kwimarike yengingqi phakathi ixabiso imfuno kunye kwemfuno yeempahla kunye neenkonzo.

Imarike lwengingqi (mezorynok), ezisekelwe ubukhulu kummandla iza kwahlulwa yi ezinjalo intra-imarike:

• mikrorynok - umbono lemarike zizathu okanye ummandla wemetropolitan zemimandla;
• minimarket - ingumasipala wesithili emarikeni okanye iindawo;
• emakethe yendawo - yokurhweba kwindawo ethile;
• nanorynok - amaqhina ezorhwebo sentengiso indawo ngqo okanye kwinqanaba amanyathelo.

Xa sihlalutya lo kwicandelo lommandla eRashiya, kwimarike yengingqi uya uzithengise imimandla yezoqoqosho, ngabalawulwa nakwiiriphabliki, njalo-njalo.

Development kunye nokusekwa kweemarike kwingingqi

Njani ukuyilwa kwiimarike zommandla? Ummandla ukufikelela ezingcono iziphumo xa babandakanyeke ukuqhekezwa wengingqi umsebenzi kunye nophuhliso ngokusekelwe unxulumano lwayo lula ezoqoqosho kunye nezorhwebo kunye zombini ihlabathi ngaphandle kunye namaqabane ngaphakathi mmandla.

kwiingingqi kuqoqosho, kumaqumrhu ezintsha zoshishino kwezomnotho zokuphucula iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobumnini. Kokuba babe balindeleke ukuba komsipha ye abafowunelwa zoshishino ongatshiyo, inguqu isakhiwo kwezoqoqosho kunye nokudalwa yonxulumano ezintsha zorhwebo. Le indima ebonakalayo ekuqulunqweni kwezi ubudlelwane bobabo kwiimarike zengingqi.

Ukusombuluka uqoqosho le ngingqi, ukuvela iindlela ezintsha yobudlelwane zorhwebo, nzulu yokuhlala kwindawo imithi eveliswe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kwiimarike zengingqi: zezimali, umxhasi, lorhwebo kunye nezinye izixhobo zemveliso. Ngabalawulwa uqoqosho lwengingqi kukho imfuneko kuluhlu olubanzi njengoko kwimarike jikelele, kunye neendidi yokuqala iinkonzo (credit nokulamla-mali kunye norhwebo, ulwazi, urhwebo lwangaphandle, ezoqoqosho kunye zomthetho).

uqoqosho Namhlanje, kufuna uphuhliso kuyo yonke indawo ngendlela eyiyo ukunyanzeliswa zokuhlala emali, enamandla zorhwebo kunye yempahla nezintsonkothileyo, uthungelwano ingcaciso-urhwebo kunye nabanye.

inqanaba lophuhliso

Esebenzisa uhlalutyo kwimarike yengingqi, kuyimfuneko ukuba banikele ingqalelo kwinqanaba yophuhliso lwayo. Ukuba ayanelanga, enkenenkene umsebenzi ishishini, buthathaka uphuhliso lwemveliso, ephazamisa inkqubo yesiqhelo okuzala.

Ukuma kwamaziko inkqubo kwimalike yengingqi bavezwa awadla baphuma amaziko oshishino, iqela lobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho, iinkcukacha ezingundoqo kunye nemijelo nokwabiwa imveliso. Ukwakhiwa izifundo kweemarike zasekuhlaleni kunye nemisebenzi yabo iyohluka, ngokuxhomekeke emarikeni. Unxibelelwano phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo kwemarike kule fowuni kuba multi-ohlalele amabini, kunye nogxininiso kwi-link kwihlabathi ngaphandle. Iimarike zengingqi sisodwa kwiingcamba ezingqongileyo ngenxa ulwalamano olukhethekileyo ezi zoleko.

Zonke iimarike balapha lixhomekeke kwelinye kwaye basebenze kunye ngokomdla kwizifundo yobudlelwane zorhwebo. Kulo mzekelo, zivuthwe imiqathango ngenkqubo lommandla okuzala. Ukusebenzisana ezorhwebo zasekhaya wenza ngendlela self-lolawulo ukulungiselela links zemimandla kunye namagunya co-ordinating ukuwubona kunye namagunya engingqi.

Iimarike zengingqi olusenyongweni njengoko kwinkampani evulekileyo, leyo lisabela ubugqi, kwaye zangaphandle imeko yezentlalo, ezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko. Zonke iinkqubo wokudala kwiimarike kunye nezenzo kwizifundo yobudlelwane zorhwebo zixhomekeke kwiimpawu ubunjani kunye neenkcukacha zamanani yokusingqongileyo kwezoqoqosho.

indawo yezoqoqosho

Ukusebenza lommandla kwezoqoqosho kuxhomekeka kubume kunye nomthamo obuselelwa ngaphakathi kummandla, kunye noluhlu kunye nohlobo kwimveliso. Le ngaphantsi iinkqubo imiqondiso iinkqubo ukuhamba kwempahla kunye namacebo yobudlelwane zemali kunye noqoqosho kunye norhwebo. Uhlobo evulekileyo kuqoqosho lwengingqi ivelisa indlela efanelekileyo kummandla wezoqoqosho apho ephawula inkqubo lokuzala kunye neemarike zommandla ukusebenza. Ngenxa yoku kuyimfuneko ukwahlula phakathi usasazo lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle yoqoqosho, njengoko ngamnye kuthatha indawo ngqo kwi lokusekwa izixhomekeki kunye nobudlelwane phakathi abalawulwa uqoqosho lwengingqi.

indawo yezoqoqosho yangaphandle linentsingiselo isigqibo emsebenzini zonke ezikhoyo ze kuqoqosho lwengingqi. Ester kwangaphakathi zomnotho kubandakanya ezifuneka kunye nemiqathango ukuze ukusebenza kwenkqubo neemarike zommandla.

Ukuqinisekisa imveliso iimveliso kunye neenkonzo yinxalenye loovimba kwezoqoqosho kufuneka rhoqo sizalwe njengoko kufunwa yi inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobugcisa. Oku kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba kukho exchange zommandla kwinkqubo abaqolileyo neemarike zommandla.

zone kwangaphakathi kwezoqoqosho Sisiseko imijikelo okuzala yengingqi, ngokubonelela iimeko kubavelisi yabasebenzi esebenzayo kunye nokukhula kwemigangatho yokuphila. Ubukho yale mijikelo inika unxibelelwano tyaba kwinkqubo kweemarike zemimandla, kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimfuno amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni inkqubo okuzala.

Ngenxa yoko, iimarike zengingqi ziyindlela yokuvelisa eqhubekekayo imikhosi ezinemveliso kunye nobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho. Markets edityaniswe kwenye Ester yezoqoqosho inkqubo lokuzala lwengingqi ngaphakathi langaphandle.

Ingakumbi kombono

Umntu ngamnye kufuneka sazi iimpawu imarike yengingqi. Ngokubanzi iimarike, wengingqi - dynamically oko Kuchaza inkqubo zokuphucula isakhiwo, zohlulwa ngokwendidi eziliqela, kwaye enze iqela lemisebenzi.

Iimarike zengingqi ukuziqambela siyifumana phambi lobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho nezentlalo ezibonakalayo phakathi komvelisi kunye nemveliso yabathengi (kweentengiselwano).

Iimarike abaqolileyo kwiindawo ezithile ziqukiwe kubume jikelele imarike kazwelonke (national).

iintlobo

Akumangalisi, ukhuphiswano, imfuno, kwakunye iintlobo ezohlukileyo ekongeni yabangela nokuqhekeka kwiimarike zengingqi iindidi ezifana:

• market ezinkulu;
• impahla yabathengi;
• kwiimalike zemali (mortgage, ityala kunye nemali nezibambiso);
• Iinkonzo eziphathekayo kunye nemveliso;
• zokuhlala kunye nezorhwebo ezithengiswayo;
• kwimalike yabasebenzi;
• izakhiwo nomhlaba;
• ezintsha kunye nolwazi iimarike.

ulawulo

ulawulo kwiimarike zengingqi kuquka impembelelo izifundo zolawulo ngalo mbandela ukuze kuphunyezwe iinjongo ezicwangcisiweyo kwangaphambili. Ezi thagethi koogunyaziwe benqila baye bazitshisa njengenxalenye ndlela yenkqubo-target.

Injongo esisiseko lolawulo ngapha kwiimarike zengingqi - yinto isiqinisekiso yemali eseleyo kwimarike, ukubonelela iinzuzo zoqoqosho uphuhliso lwengingqi, ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabahlali.

izinto Superintendence ezi amashishini, abemi, imibutho, mveliso yezolimo, izinto zentlalo iziseko kwimarike kule ngingqi.

iingxaki

Cinga ingxaki kwiimarike zengingqi Russian. Imigaqo ukuguquka yophuhliso lwengingqi kwi babeziindleko ezinkulu eRashiya ukude kusiya kucaca. Umahluko ezendeleyo isakhiwo uqoqosho, inqanaba beteknoloji isikali, iimfuno kunye neqondo kwamaxabiso ombane, iimpahla yabathengi, nemihlaba, umsebenzi, njalo njalo.

Bona zisekelwe isakhono self-uphuhliso yahlukile, endleleni ezahlukeneyo okanye nengxinano yabemi, kabukhali ngokwemida yokuzivelela infrastructure izalathi si zokunikwa amanqanaba emfundo abaphathi kunye nabasebenzi, ilifa ukusuka bodwa edlulileyo iindawo "nzulu" ezivela ngaphandle.

Ngenxa yezi mpawu, ume phambi kwe kwimimandla nemingeni eyahlukileyo yokunikezelwa kweenkonzo kunye nentengiso lwemveliso, umngcipheko ishishini, zinengeniso esezantsi non-ntlawulo.