Sokonakalisa yeCzechoslovakia: imbali, izizathu kunye neziphumo. Unyaka wokupheliswa yeCzechoslovakia

Esi siganeko sikhulu kwimbali eYurophu yanamhlanje, lokwahlukana yeCzechoslovakia. Izizathu zoku njengoko policheskoy, yomkhosi imeko yezoqoqosho kweli lizwe. Kumashumi zibakhethe Czech Republic naseSlovakia ukususela kumhla uqhekeko. Kodwa ngoku eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba esi sifundo sophando kakhulu mbali, oosonzululwazi ezopolitiko kunye nezinye iingcali.

.: 1968 ekuweni imiqathango

Sokonakalisa yeCzechoslovakia kwenzeka ngo-1993. Noko ke, le ndawo yokuba lo mcimbi ibekwe kakhulu ngaphambili. Ebudeni ngobusuku Agasti 20-21, 1968, iSoviet uqhagamshelwano Arima, eMpuma Jamani, eBulgaria, Hungary kunye ePoland, kunye nenani elipheleleyo amawaka 650. Amajoni, yahlasela behlupheka ahlala lizwe. kokubanjwa yesakhiwo elawula eli lizwe (Dubcek, Cernik ne Freedom) yaveliswa. Iinkokeli ukuhlala ngokubanzi wala ngokusebenzisana. Empini bazama ukubonisa ukuxhathisa, malunga-25 kwabulawa amajoni phakathi lemiboniso anti-eSoviet. ubunkokheli eSoviet ufuna ukwenza kwi kummandla yeCzechoslovakia, urhulumente waseSoviet-exhaswa. Phantsi kwezi meko, ukwanda ukuzimela eSlovakia ngaphakathi kwimida imeko federal elitsha, apho ilizwi elenzekayo kunye nokuqalisa kwe-1969.

Revolution eCzechoslovakia ngowe-1989

Ekupheleni kuka-1980. ICzechoslovakia landa ukunganeliseki lobuzwilakhe loluntu iqela wamaKomanisi. Ngowe-1989 ePrague ukususela ngoJanuwari ukuya kuSeptemba, kubekho imiboniso emininzi saa yi ngamapolisa. Umkhosi engundoqo babephikisana abafundi. September 17, 1989 inkoliso ubunzima bakhe ukuba ukubetha ezitratweni, yaye abaninzi babethwa ngamapolisa, lo kwiiyunivesithi kweli xesha sele ivaliwe. Esi siganeko umfutho ukwenza. Neengqondi kunye nabafundi baya ugwayimbo. Union of yonke inkcaso - "Civic Forum" - November 20, phantsi kolwalathiso Vatslava Gavely (ifoto ngezantsi) ebizwa ngokuba noqhankqalazo abaninzi. Ekupheleni kwale nyanga, malunga 750 lamawaka. Of demonstrators wathabatha ezitratweni Prague afuna yokurhoxa karhulumente. Injongo kwaye kwaphunyezwa: ayikwazi ukumelana uxinzelelo, umongameli eshiye Gustav Husak barhoxa, amagosa amaninzi. Events utshintsho ngoxolo wobunkokheli yeCzechoslovakia wabizwa ngokuba "velvet revolution". Iziganeko 1989 kwangaphambili sokonakalisa yeCzechoslovakia.

Ukhetho 1989-1990.

izigwili Post-yobukomanisi wabumba iinxalenye karhulumente baye bakhetha ikhondo ubukho elizimeleyo. Ngowe-1989, ekupheleni kukaDisemba, iNdibano Federal inyule uMongameli yeCzechoslovakia Vatslava Gavela, wayengusihlalo - Dubcheka Aleksandra. Kwindibano leyo yaba umzimba omele ngenxa yokushiywa inani elikhulu co-optation kunye nezopolitiko iintshukumo ze ndawonye 'Forum Civic "yaye" Public Against Violence. "

Gavel Vatslav ngoFebruwari 1990, wafika eMoscow saza safumana uxolo evela urhulumente waseSoviet ukuba iziganeko ka-1968, xa imikhosi Soviet zazide hlaselo exhobileyo. Ukongeza, waqinisekiswa ukuba imikhosi yamajoni USSR iya kurhoxiswa ekupheleni kukaJulayi 1991 eCzechoslovakia.

Xa spring 1990 iNdibano Federal wadlula inani kwemithetho ukuba avumele umbutho lweshishini zabucala, kwaye ngokubanzi ivumile ukuphumeza ngasese kwamashishini mveliso, karhulumente-owned. Ekuqaleni June, aba Ukubanjwa unyulo simahla, apho yi-96% yenani lilonke labavoti. Nge inzuzo enkulu odezhali win kwezopolitiko iintshukumo umviwa "Civic Forum" yaye "Public Against Violence." Bafumene ngaphezu kwe-46% ye-voti, kwaye uninzi weNdlu yoWiso-Federal. Inani yesibini liphezulu amavoti amakomanisi abakhetha 14% yabemi. indawo yesithathu eso sathathwa womanyano eyenziwa alwayo zamaKristu Democratic. NgoJulayi 5, 1990 kwi iminyaka emibini ofisi kwiNdibano Federal omtsha baphinde bonyulwa-Gavela Vatslava kunye Dubcheka Aleksandra (eliboniswe ngezantsi) -, ngokulandelelana, kwisikhundla sokuba usihlalo.

intshukumo Yahlula "Society Against Violence"

Sokonakalisa yeCzechoslovakia, eyasekwa ngo-Matshi 1991, xa kukho kuqhekeka intshukumo kwezopolitiko "Public Against Ubundlobongela", kangangokuba uninzi amaqela abazahlulayo kwasekwa iqela 'Movement for a Democratic Slovakia ". Kungekudala kwabakho kuqhekeka phakathi 'Forum Civil "kunye ukuyilwa amaqela amathathu, enye yazo i" Civic Democratic Party. " Iintetho phakathi Slovakia kunye Czech Republic yaqalwa ngoJuni 1991. Ngelo xesha, kwesikhokelo "i-Civic Democratic Party" ufikile kwisigqibo sokuba intlanganiso akayi nemiphumo emihle, ngoko makhe siqwalasele umzekelo ka "Velvet mtshato".

"Iqhagamshela impi"

Ukuphela kolawulo lwamaKomanisi ngo-1989 yanda iziganeko kwadala kwawa yeCzechoslovakia. Iinkokheli evela Czech Republic unqwenela ukuba uchaze igama elibhaliweyo zwi, noko lilinye, ngoxa opponetov lwabo - Slovakia - waphikelela yokubhala defisnom. Ukuhlawula umnqwazi iimvakalelo yesizwe sabantu Slovak, ngoAprili 1990 kwiNdibano Federal iphumeze igama elitsha esemthethweni yeCzechoslovakia: eCzech kunye Slovak Federal Republic (CSFR). Amaqela ikwazile ukufikelela kwizibhambathiso, njengoko Slovak Igama ulwimi uRhulumente kufuneka sibhalwe iqhagamshela, njengoko in Czech - kunye.

"I Czechoslovak Forest"

Ngomhla sokuchitha behlupheka nempembelelo isiphumo thethwano kwabalungiseleli yinkulumbuso yoorhulumente yesizwe Slovakia kunye Czech Republic - Vladimir Meciar kunye Vatslava Klausa. Intlanganiso yaso yabanjwa e Brno e Villa Tugendhat ngo-1992. Ngokutsho memoirs ye nxaxheba Miroslav Matzek uVáclav uKlaus wathabatha ebhodini yaye yabamba umgca nkqo, ebonisa ukuba phezulu yimeko nkqo, kwaye emazantsi - ukwahlulwa. It kubanjwe therebetween uluhlu olubanzi ezibandakanya nakwiimanyano kunye Confederation. Lo mbuzo zavela oko njengenxalenye isikali kuye kunokwenzeka ukuhlangabezana? Kwaye le ndawo yaba indawo esekugqibeleni, lithetha "uqhawulo-mtshato". Le ngxoxo ayipheli kude uVáclav uKlaus akazange eze kwisigqibo sokuba iimeko evuna ngokwezozakuzo ngenxa Slovaks akukho ndlela kuqwalaselwa eyamkelekileyo ukuba Czechs. Sokonakalisa yeCzechoslovakia Kwaba sobala. Villa Tugendhat waba loo State Svoge uhlobo Belovezhskaya Pushcha. thethwano abazange lwenziwe ukulondolozwa nakwiimanyano ezichaphazelekileyo. Emva iziphumo yentlanganiso sezozakuzo isenzo siseko yasayinwa,, awayinyulayo ilungelo elisemthethweni ukudlulisela wabasemagunyeni iphambili republic.

"Velvet Divorce"

Unyaka esondela sokuchitha yeCzechoslovakia. unyulo jikelele zaye zabanjwa kweli lizwe ngoJuni 1992. "Movement for a Slovakia Democratic" iye yazuza iivoti ezininzi Slovakia and "Civic Democratic Party" - kwi-Czech Republic. Kukho isiphakamiso ukudala konferederatsiyu, kodwa ayixhaswa yi "i Civic Democratic Party."

Ulongamo Slovakia lazisiwe July 17, 1992 i-Slovak Council National. Yokurhoxa kukaMongameli Gavel Vatslav. Ekwindla 1992, inxalenye enkulu igunya loluntu unikwe kwiRiphablikhi. INdibano Federal ekupheleni kukaNovemba 1992 ngamavoti nje mathathu avunyiweyo umthetho, leyo provoglashal kwelungiselelo Czechoslovak umanyano. Nangona kwingcinezelo phezu inxalenye uninzi Slovaks kunye Czechs, ezinzulwini zobusuku ngoDisemba 31, 1992, kwafika omabini amaqela isigqibo ngokuchithwa nakwiimanyano ezichaphazelekileyo. Sokonakalisa yeCzechoslovakia kwenzeka kulo nyaka, nto leyo yaba sisiqalo kwi kwimbali ezimbini ithi ntsha - i-Slovak Republic kunye Czech Republic.

emva uqhekeko

State ngoxolo sahlukana saziinxalenye ezimbini ezizimeleyo. Sokonakalisa yeCzechoslovakia kungena Czech Republic naseSlovakia iziphumo ziphikisana kuphuhliso ngakumbi mazwe mabini. Xa ixesha elifutshane Czech Republic yakwazi ukuba ziqale iinguqu ezinkulu kwezoqoqosho kunye nokudala kuqoqosho olusebenzayo emarikeni. Oku eyona nto ukuba urhulumente omtsha ukuba abe lilungu le-European Union. Ngo-1999, i-Czech Republic zahlangana iNorth Atlantic zomkhosi awodwa. zenguqu kwezoqoqosho e Slovakia kwakukho ezintsonkothileyo yaye bazekelele ngakumbi, umbuzo ukulawula yayo kwi-European Union nabuganga kubunzima. Kwaye kuphela ngo-2004 wangena isakhiwo waza waba lilungu NATO.