Yintoni Semiboyarshina? Semiboyarshina Ngexesha Iingxaki

Kwimbali Russia ngexesha 1610-1612 biennium. Wangena njenge Semiboyarshina - ebudeni bolawulo abameli ezisixhenxe i Boyar Duma, ukuseka urhulumente senguqu, injongo leyo ukulungiselela unyulo yokumkani esitsha endaweni wahliswa Vasiliya Shuyskogo. Noko ke, ingakumbi Ixesha Iingxaki, apho iziganeko zenzeka, afuna inyathelo ngokukhawuleza.

Ilizwe sikwimo lobunzima kakhulu

Imeko yezopolitiko kunye noqoqosho eRashiya ekuqaleni kuka 1610 kwakunzima gqitha. Kakhulu ezimbi kuye eEdeni imfazwe kunye ePoland, ukongeza, kufutshane kummandla ongaphandle Moscow, impi ephuma umkhosi omnye pretender ukuba ibango indima yindlalifa kwitrone - nguDmitry False II. Apha ebalini, waya yi isiteketiso Tushino kwesela - kwindawo kweminquba yabo kwilali kufuphi eMoscow Tushino.

Le meko iye mandundu yi kwimiphumo kudala ngaphambi kokuba kulo lonke eRashiya, le mvukelo ekhokelwa Ivan Bolotnikov kunye ahlasele nagayskih kunye iCrimea nangezinto. Konke oku kuye kwakhokelela indlala enkulu yabantu kunye engaphephekiyo kwiimeko ezinjalo nezidubedube. Enye kokoyiswa amajoni ombuso xa wayesilwa izibonda yaba negalelo zoqhankqalazo kunye wahliswa Tsar Vasiliya Shuyskogo.

Education Semiboyarshina

Phambili phambili ukulungiselela unyulo lwamalungu nguzwilakhe entsha, yaye ukulungiselela esi senzo ebalulekileyo kubomi karhulumente, ngokunjalo ukulawula ilizwe kweli thuba lokulungiselela utshintsho abembumbile urhulumente sethutyana, eziquka ezisixhenxe kakhulu kakuhle kuzalwa kunye nempembelelo amalungu Boyar Duma. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho abathetheli FI Mstislavsky, IM Vorotynsky, AV Trubetskoy, A. V. Golitsyn kunye izinduna BM Lykov-Obolensky, I. Romanov no Fi Sheremetev .

Ngoko ke, ngakumbi emva kongenelelo Polish neengxaki zasekhaya, kwakheka Semiboyarshina. Ebudeni bolawulo igunya, elikhokelwa Prince Fodorom Mihaylovichem Mstislavskim kwakhokelela kwi anyukele ukuya etroneni, ukumkani yokuqala yeNdlu Romanov - uMikhail Fedorovich, kwaye ekupheleni Ixesha Iingxaki. Kodwa oku kwakhokelwa ixesha elide kwaye inzima.

Nciphisa emandleni izinduna

Ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni na Semiboyarshina yaye ububanzi amagunya ayo, kufuneka athathe ingqalelo iimeko ezikhoyo ngelo xesha ngeenxa eMoscow. Ukususela imithombo obubhaliweyo bokuba ngasentshonalanga kwayo kufutshane emasangweni kwisixeko izibonda, ikhokelwa ngu Hetman Zhelkovskim, yaye mpuma, e Kolomna, kuhlala phantsi amajoni bobuxoki nguDmitry, landa yayivuma squad Lithuanian Sapieha. Ngoko ke, ngalo lonke ixesha Semiboyarshina igunya layo aluzange lukwazi kwikomkhulu.

Ukuba iyelenqe nezibonda

Umbuzo into Semiboyarshina kwimbali eRashiya, njengoko umthetho, ungaze ukubangela mpikiswano. Ngokuqhelekileyo, amalungu-arhente karhulumente eyabelwe indima abangcatshi esizweni, kwaye ingongoma apha oku. Mina, usongo zazo eziphambili ayikho izibonda, lowo kwaba lula ukufikelela kwisivumelwano ukuba unqwenela, kunye nabaphumi-pretender, waba phakathi kwabantu abaqhelekileyo eMoscow eninzi sabaxhasi. Kwimeko yokuwina izinduna yesela Tushino ibingayi idilizwe iintloko zabo.

Oku kwabangela ukuba ukuthethana kunye hetman Zhelkovskim kwaye atyikitye isivumelwano phantsi apho Russian Tsar wayeza kuba Vladislav Vasa - unyana Polish ukumkani eyathatha III. Lithuanians mkhohlisi ezixhaswayo eyayikhokelwa Sapieha zavuma ukuba bafunge ukuwugqalela kukumkani Polish, ngoko, ngokuba nguDmitry False II umnakekeli ithuba ngokwenene athimbe amandla eMoscow.

Nonesi izinqumo

Nakuba kunjalo, ukwenzela ukuba ukhuseleko enkulu lobuqu, ubusuku izinduna September 21, 1610 yesicelo ngasese wavula emasangweni yaye abahlaseli kwikomkhulu. Ukususela ngoko yonke kakuhle elucweyweni asixhenxe lancitshiswa ukuzalisekisa indima nonodoli esandleni sokumkani Polish, ochithe tsakisaka umgca yakhe zepolitiki uTimoti - kwingqwayi-Moscow Aleksandra Gonsevskogo. Izidwangube zabandezwa amandla ngokwenene, baza kusala nabazizibambiso. Yaba kule ndima ubenze lusizi ukubona impendulo yalo mbuzo: "? Yintoni Semiboyarshina"

Nangona sivumelwano aphazamisana nendlela umdla yesizwe sabantu Russian yaye wawulisikizi kuye, akwabakho umbuzo eRashiya ukulawula kwi-Commonwealth, kodwa zicacisiwe ukulondolozwa Orthodox kulo lonke nommandla wayo. NgokwaKhe Korolevich Vladislav, kwathiwa, ngokutsho isivumelwano, linyanzelekile ukuba baphume inkolo yamaKatolika Orthodox.

Nalwazelelelo, wabangela Ndilicukuceze lonke

Emva onke amandla yokwenyani edlula esandleni urhulumente lotshintsho kwirhuluneli Polish, wamkela elikwinqanaba boyar, baba ebuza kusingatha kweli lizwe. Ngokutsho Vladislav yakhe ekhethiweyo ilizwe namanene kwi Russian, owahlala ethembekile umsebenzi wakhe yobuzwe, waza wanikela izibonda zenza indawo yabo walo ngoko nangoko. Oku kwabangela iliza wobhavumo kweli lizwe. Kukholelwa ukuba ngeli thuba isimo sakhe izibonda watshintsha Semiboyarshina.

Xa Ixesha Iingxaki igunya ekhethekileyo phakathi kwakumnandi yintloko Russian Orthodox uMphathi Germogen. A ngokuthanda kunjalo kwilizwe lakhe, yena, kunye inkxaso izinduna, wathumela iileta lonke eRashiya, nto leyo ebizwa ngokuba ekudalweni ngabavukeli kunye umzabalazo wezigalo owawusilwa efunwa. Nangona isibakala sokuba ngokwemiyalelo irhuluneli Polish, yena wavalelwa emhadini lo Chudov weemonki, apho kungekudala wafa yindlala, umyalezo wakhe waba ngamandla ngenxa apho kwakukho ezishelifini of Minin kunye Pozharsky phantsi iindonga eMoscow.

period End Semiboyarshina

Okwalandela 1613 konyulo ukuze etroneni yokumkani uMikhail Fedorovich, waye ekupheleni kwexesha eyaziwa kwimbali naseRussia Semiboyarshina. Ngexesha lokulawula abameli ezisixhenxe yezikhulu iphezulu eMoscow ngokufanelekileyo kucingelwa ukuba yenye yezona nzima ixesha iphela Ixesha Iingxaki. Lwakugqitywa olu ludwe lizwe singene kwixesha elitsha embalini.

Ukuthetha malunga nemvelaphi kwekota, kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye imbonakalo kade ngokwentelekiso elithi Semiboyarshina. Xa Ixesha Iingxaki, nangenxa kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini elandelayo, amalungu isakhiwo sikarhulumente ngokuba "izinduna sedmochislennymi." Njengoko kusetyenziswa namhlanje okokuqala ibonakaliswa kuphela 1813 kwinoveli AA Bestuzhev-Marly.

Kwimbali Russian phambi kwakukho amaxesha xa kungekho amandla kakumkani buzinze ezandleni imithetho izinduna '. Oku kwenzeka ikakhulu xa noMlawuli waya emfazweni okanye uhambo olude. Kuye ke zada zasisithethe ukwenza ezi maqumrhu karhulumente okwethutyana abantu abasixhenxe. Ubhala ngale ngokucacileyo kwiincwadi zakhe mbali Russian yenkulungwane XVII, unobhala wenkundla oonozakuzaku ukuze G. K. Kotoshihin.

Iinzame uhlaziye iziganeko zangaphambili

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwiminyaka yakutshanje umbuzo oko Semiboyarshina kwaye iyintoni indima yayo kwimbali Russian, ukukhanya ngandlel ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphandle ngokucacileyo kwixesha eSoviet eli gunya yethutyana kuthathwa ewolo, kwisithuba post-perestroika kwakukho iincwadi apho zoqoqo kunye izibonda ithathwa njengokuba intshukumo onengqondo kuphela zokubonisana ejoliswe zokonga lizwe ukusuka isiphithiphithi liliphalaza igazi elimsulwa, le meko xa ngoloyiso nguDmitry False II.

Namhlanje, ukuba liphuma iingcinga ezisekelwe kwiimbono ngeembono, abaphandi banethuba ukunikela ngaphezulu uvavanyo kwinjongo izinto zembali kwiinkulungwane ezidlulileyo, anaso phakathi apho indawo ebalulekileyo Semiboyarshina. Iminyaka eyahlula ukususela ngelo xesha kuthi ongathanga ongekho kwiinkalo ezimbi imisebenzi yayo inkumbulo wesizwe, kodwa nazo ke bavunyelwe ukukunika kubo ukuqonda nzulu.