NguDmitry Cantemir, laseburhulumenteni aseMoldova kunye Russian kunye nofundiswayo. Biography, ekhaya, abantwana

Le ndoda enkulu, umhlobo uPetros I kunye laseburhulumenteni obalaseleyo, wenza igalelo elibalulekileyo inkcubeko elimiweyo umbhali-mbali, sobulumko kunye Orientalist. Ilungu le-Berlin Academy 1714, yena kwiincwadi zakhe, ziphawulwe utshintsho ukusuka zezikolo aphakathi ukucinga ukuba iifom nenengqiqo mihla. igama lakhe - nguDmitry Kantemir.

Childhood and Education Primary

Kuzalwa kwezepolitiki-Oktobha 26, 1673 kwilali aseMoldova Silishten. Kamva ke edlula eRomania, kodwa namhlanje kuthiwa Vaslui. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVII, oku kwaku yokuhlala Constantine Cantemir - umlawuli aseMoldova noyise kuzalwa nguDmitry. Unina Anna Bantysh kwaziwa ukuba ummeli omnye izinduna yamandulo.

Ukususela kwasebuntwaneni ekuqaleni, ukusekwa nobuntu nguDmitry Konstantinovich gqitha iimfundiso zakhe ngutitshala - indoda efundile, indela I. Kakavela. Ngelo xesha, wayesaziwa iimpapasho ezininzi, ubonisa ukuba abashumayeli ubuKatolika, kwakunye umbhali incwadi ekuqiqeni, apho inzululwazi ukufunda izizukulwana elizayo zefilosofi nezenkolo.

Le minyaka ndayichitha ikomkhulu Turkish

Xa eneminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu, Dmitri waba Istanbul. Apho andizanga ngokuqhutywa yintliziyo, kwaye bathinjwa likarhulumente, wabalulamela eTurkey, apho ngelo xesha lahlaselwa. Ukuba kwindawo yaseXhora enjalo, yena, ke, angalahlekelwa isipho ixesha yaye siyaqhubeka ukuphucula imfundo yakhe. Ngokwenza njalo, ibe seyinike uncedo gqitha izazinzulu ezininzi oosolusapho isiGrike-Latin Academy, apho ngelo xesha, njengokuba yena likomkhulu amazibuko ibalulekileyo.

Kwiminyaka emithathu ezichithwa kweenxweme Bosphorus, belambile ulwazi umfana wafunda isiGrike, Turkish, Arabic nesiLatini, kwakunye kwikhondo lweentetho kwi imbali, Ifilosofi nemfundiso yenkolo. inqubo yakhe zavela ngaloo minyaka phantsi kwempembelelo imisebenzi zeentanda-Anthony kunye Spandoni, ngenxa yoko kwabazana ngeembono bulumko yendalo Meletios Arta.

iphulo Military and ngamayelenqe kwezopolitiko

Xa ngowe-1691, nguDmitry Kantemir iye yabuyela ekhaya, yena wazifumana kokulwa yemfazwe, nto leyo eyakhokelela lahlaselwa kunye Poland. Njengoko unyana ka uKumkani, nguDmitry wayephakathi iingqwayi Kulohambisa amawaka amajoni. Ngowe-1692, yena wahlukile xa singqingiwe njalo ke inqaba Soroca wayithimba imiqobo. Yaba ngamava wakhe wokuqala imisebenzi lupwa kwezigqibo, apho kwakuxhomekeke ubomi babantu abaninzi.

Okulandelayo, ngowe-1693, wamngenisa kuye iingxaki ezininzi ezinxulumene umzabalazo yezopolitiko yangaphakathi kweli lizwe. Isibakala sokuba uyise wafa Cantemir, lowo de ukufa kwakhe umlawuli lahlaselwa, yaye emva kokufa kwakhe izinduna abanyulwa ezihlangwini nguDmitry. Kodwa omnye intando Boyar akwanelanga.

Ekubeni ubulawuli wayephantsi Protectorate Turkish, iziphumo zonyulo ivunywe e Istanbul. Wathabatha wasebenzisa iqela lezopolitiko Cantemir - umlawuli Wallachia, Constantin Brancoveanu. Wakwazi ukuphembelela Sultan, kwaye ngenxa candidacy ka nguDmitry akamkeleka.

Kwi umsebenzi sezozakuzo

Emva kokuba ukungaphumeleli, endiwazuze kuye isithuba iphezulu karhulumente, Cantemir ebuyela Istanbul, kodwa eli xesha kungekhona bathinjwa, kwaye elizimisele ozakuzo. Wamiselwa ummeli esemthethweni inkosi Moldavian kwinkundla Sultan. Eli xesha, ukuhlala kwakhe kunxweme Bosphorus waba elide ngakumbi. Ekubeni iziphazamiso minor wahlala kwikomkhulu Turkish de 1710.

Eli xesha kubomi nguDmitry Kantemir iye engenakulibaleka. Kwafuneka ukuba imfazwe, kodwa eli xesha umkhosi Turkish. Kwaye nangona imfazwe kunye Austrians phezu Tisza komlambo, apho wathabatha inxaxheba, yaphelela elihlazo ukuba nabaphumi-Sultan, nangona kunjalo, oku sele wamnika ubutyebi ngamava emkhosini. Ifunyanwa kwinkonzo ozakuzo, Cantemir waqalisa isangqa ezibanzi awayeqhelene.

Kwakhona Phakathi abahlobo bakhe ezintsha abameli inzululwazi, edume leyo nesazi-nzulu esidumileyo Turkish sadi Effendi, yaye emva kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu. Waba kamnandi umthunywa Count Russian Petrom Andreevichem Tolstoy, nolwazi leyo yeziphumo ezifikelela kude.

Imvumelwano elihlebo tsar Russian

Ngowe-1710, xa imfazwe phakathi Russia, Turkey, Cantemir evela kurhulumente Turkish le ulawulo Moldavian, kwafuneka ukuba athathe inxaxheba kwemfazwe. Noko ke, abacinezeli kuthiywa ngokufihlakeleyo lakubo kunye nethemba phezu bayonets Russian, wayesele wenza wadibana urhulumente Russian, esebenzisa umhlobo wakhe omtsha - Bala Tolstoy.

abasemagunyeni Turkish, ukubeka Cantemir amahle, akukho ndiyathingaza ukunyaniseka kwakhe, endaphathiswa ukulungiselela umkhosi aseMoldova ukulwa ne-Russia. In nguDmitry xanduva luquka ukwakhiwa iibhulorho kunye zokunqumla phezu iDanube, kwakunye nokubonelela ebusika amagumbi balwa, wasinda Idabi womonakalo Poltava kubo, ukulungela elipheleleyo ukuziphindezelela ngenxa ngokoyiswa yangaphambili. On top of umsebenzi wakhe, ukuba bekunyanzelekile ukuba aqhube esweni ofihlakeleyo owayesakuba nembangi yakhe yezopolitiko Brancoveanu, ogama Sultan orhanelwa ngokuba imbuka.

Ngoxa 1711 e Slutsk, omnye imizi emikhulu Western Ukraine, nguDmitry Kantemir Prince ngoncedo Count P. A. Tolstogo wathumela eSt Petersburg umthunywa wakhe Stephan Luca, ngubani wafundiswa ukubamba iingxoxo ekhusini uPetros I kwaye ukuba awenze kuyo umfelandawonye siyavumelana kwi izenzo ngokubambisana nxamnye baseTurkey.

Le mvumelwano, apho umiselwe ukuba nakanjani

Ukususela ngelo xesha Cantemir wayesebenzisana inkosi Russian. Kwangokunjalo 1711, uye ubesoloko ethatha inxaxcheba ephambili ekuyileni sivumelwano ibonelela uhlanganiso ngokuzithandela Moldova phantsi kolawulo Russian phezu okuzimela. Enye iziqendu ezilishumi xwebhu iNkosi uPhilip wathi yena buqu, ngokuba nguDmitry Cantemir, kunye ilungelo transfer of ngamandla neendlalifa zakhe ngqo. Ngelo xesha linye bahlala bunjalo onke amalungelo zonke izinduna.

Ingongoma ibalulekileyo isivumelwano ukubuyiswa Moldova yonke imimandla bengamabanjwa nasePorte, kunye nokupheliswa lerhafu Turkish. Ukuphunyezwa yesivumelwano ephawulwe ukuphela kolawulo Ottoman. Oku badibana ngenkxaso ngehlombe onke amacandelo oluntu aseMoldova kwaye Cantemir ethandwayo inkxaso.

isivumelwano mfula

Kodwa izicwangciso kamnandi ezifana angakhange. Ukukhulula ilizwe aseMoldova kwi tridtsativosmitysyachnaya 1711 umkhosi Russian aqhankqalaza phantsi ngokomyalelo Bala Sheremetyev. Xa ukuqhubeka ekulweni uPetros mna ngokobuqu ku-Chief rate.

Eli phulo, waya ezantsi kwimbali njengoko mfula igama lomlambo apho kwakukho idabi edluliswa nomkhosi kotshaba stadvadtsatitysyachnoy aluphumelelanga ngenxa baseRashiya. Ukuthintela ukoyiswa nayo imikhosi awongamileyo yomkhosi Turkish, uPetros Ndakubhala isivumelwano soxolo, phantsi kwayo eRashiya kulahlekileyo yoyiswa ngaphambili Azov kakhulu kwaye yonxweme loLwandle Azov. Ngenxa yoko, Moldova usaqhubeka kolawulo Turkish.

Ukufudukela eMoscow, nenceba kakumkani

Kakade ke, emva kwayo yonke eye yenzeka kwi kuhlelwa bonke Moldovans ababekhonza phantsi kwebhanile Russian inokuba akukho mbuzo. izinduna eziliWaka efika e Moscow, apho wanikwa intlanganiso kamnandi kakhulu. Kunye nabo baza bafika Cantemir. NguDmitry K. wawongwa kwisihloko ukubala ukuba ukunyaniseka kwakhe eRashiya ilungelo ukubiza "Grace".

Ukongeza, wamiselwa umhlalaphantsi eqinileyo, unikwe iindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba kweli yangoku kwiphondo Orel. Isendaweni endaweni zabo zokuhlala Dimitrovka Kantemirovka wasinda. Eyokuqala kubo oye wavuka ubume idolophu yabantu emihlanu kunye nesiqingatha amawaka, ngoxa besibini zokuhlala-uhlobo ezidolophini. On top of bonke Kantemir njenge inkosi yabo bonke ababesiza kuye basemzini aseMoldova ilungelo ukulahla ubomi babo ngokwengqiqo yabo.

ingqalelo yaseYurophu inamaphepha enzululwazi

Ngowe-1713, wafa umfazi Dmitriya Kantemira Cassandra Kontakuzin. Emva kokufa kwakhe, waqhubeka ehlala e Moscow, ukugcina ukuqhagamshelana nabantu abaninzi obuphambili ixesha. Phakathi kakhulu avelele ngunozala i-Latin-Greek Academy Feofan Prokopovich V. N. Tatischev, Prince AM Cherkassky, I. Yu Trubetskoy, a laseburhulumenteni abadumileyo B. P. Sheremetev. Njengoko unobhala kunye nomfundisi abantwana uye wamema umbhali ezaziwayo-kakuhle wemidlalo I. I. Ilinskogo.

Xa ixesha ebedume yaseYurophu, imisebenzi emininzi yenzululwazi ukuthi zidalwe ebudeni beminyaka ngohambo lwakhe nguDmitry Kantemir. Inkcazelo Moldova kunye Turkey, usebenza Ezolimi wamngenisa intanda kuye udumo jikelele. Berlin Academy of Sciences ngo-1714, bamthabathela kubo nezikhundla zawo njengelungu yekhethelo. Kakade ke, izazinzulu Russian ziye awunikwe emagqabini oyi umlingane wakhe.

umtshato Okwesibini, ukufudukela kweenxweme Neva

Ngowe-1719 ebomini bakhe kuza isiganeko ephawulekayo - akungeni kungena emtshatweni entsha. Eli xesha okhethiweyo wakhe uba neTshawekazi laseYork bashiya AI Trubetskaya. Ngexesha lomsitho womtshato elukakayini umyeni intloko ephethe yena umlawuli uPetros I. Kunzima ukucinga ukuba ilungelo lokuba ngummi kumkani Russian. Ekupheleni mibhiyozo, nguDmitry Kantemir nentsapho yakhe bafudukela eSt Petersburg, apho wayebambe kumcebisi ofisi kawonke abadumileyo uPetros I ngemicimbi baseMpuma. Apha yenye bantu basondeleyo kukumkani.

Xa ngo-1722 * uKhesare lathembisa yakhe edumileyo iphulo wasePersi, nguDmitry Konstantinovich waba ecaleni kwakhe njengentloko likaRhulumente Chancellery. On ngokwakhe, kwakukho indlu yokushicilela, leyo okubhaliwe in Arabic. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuba iqulunqe kwaye ujikeleze ukuvakaliswa yoMlawuli ukuya abantu awayengabemi iPersi neCaucasus.

imisebenzi Scientific kanye kwemvelo iimbono zeentanda

Naxa lemfazwe Cantemir, ngathi izazinzulu ezininzi Russian, ivaleleke kwiimeko ezifanayo zange ayeke uphando. Ngexesha le minyaka, kuba uMosis wabhala yonke uthotho imisebenzi yezembali, geographical nentanda-bulumko. Njengoko yiakhiyolojisti indefatigable, wayenza isifundo ezikhumbuzo bamandulo Dagestan kunye Derbent. izimvo zakhe phezu imibuzo esisiseko indalo bayo ngelo xesha ngendaleko ebalulekileyo. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, i kunyango lwe yimibono ngezakwaLizwi, kule minyaka laba lale, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi nkqu izinto ezizenzekelayo.

Umzekelo, kwiincwadi zakhe, yena ukuba ihlabathi liphela, ezibonakalayo nezingabonakaliyo, ikhokelela uphuhliso yawo ngokusekelwe imithetho njongo, ezachazwayo yi uMdali. Noko ke, amandla ingcamango uyakwazi ukufunda kubo, ukwalathisa inkqubela yehlabathi kwicala elifanelekileyo ngenxa yabantu. Phakathi imisebenzi zembali Cantemir phambili indawo kwimbali Ports lokuzalwa Moldova wakhe.

Ukuphela ubomi ezimibalabala

NguDmitry Cantemir, ogama engobomi uhlobene ngokusondeleyo elithile elizibalula ngeziganeko Ushintsho Petrine guqula wasweleka kaSeptemba 1, 1723. Ixesha lokugqibela lobomi bakhe ayichitha umlawuli wamnika kwilifa Dimitrovka. Uthuthu othembekileyo iqabane uPetros I wangcwatywa eMoscow, ezindongeni woonongendi Of The Greek, kwaye banesifo kwinkulungwane XX abangeniswe eRomania, e Iasi.

Ntombi Mufumi aseMoldova

Kwelinye ixesha ezilandelayo, ebudeni bolawulo uKumkanikazi Elizabeth, yafumana udumo Cantemir intombi bomtshato yakhe yesibini UKaterina Golitsyn, owazalelwa 1720. yena wavuka Elo gama xa ngo 1751 watshata igosa Izmailovo webutho nguDmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn. Emva komtshato, yoluka elalixhasa ukumkanikazi wakhe yiNkosikazi lokwenene.

Ekubeni ithamsanqa elikhulu yaye okuninzi zohambo, UKaterina Golitsyn wachitha iminyaka eliqela eParis, apho wayekuthanda ngempumelelo enkulu kuluntu eziphakamileyo enkundleni. salon wakhe enye yezona njengefashoni kwikomkhulu French. Xa wamisela indoda inxusa Russian e Paris, iye yaba inkwenkwezi wokwenene.

ubomi bakhe wachacha ngo-1761 ngenxa yokugula. NguDmitry Mikhailovich kabi kunene ngako ukufa nomfazi wesifuba sayo. Kokusinda iminyaka phantse mathathu, yena ezabiwa imihla yakhe nokwehla ukwakha esibhedlele kwinkumbulo umfazi wakhe amahlwempu. wanikwa lo mnqweno, kunye Hospital Golitsyn, ezaba ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX kwisiBhedlele lokuqala City, waba lesikhumbuzo kwintokazi uyamthanda.

Palace kwi Neva eweni

Malunga Dimitrie Cantemir ukhumbula inzala zokwakha ngobukhulu, yeyokuhombisa Palace eweni eSt Petersburg. Le kwibhotwe owayesakuba Dmitriya Kantemira. Kwakhiwa kwindawo eko zenkulungwane XVIII, oko isakhiwo yokuqala zenziwe elikomkhulu wezakhiwo Italian ezibalaseleyo emantla BF Rastrelli. iifoto zakhe ungabona ngentla. Nangona kunjalo, i Moldavian Prince yena akazange akwazi ukuhlala kuyo. Wafa xa zasebhotwe nangoku ndide ndiwufeze umsebenzi, kodwa igama lakhe inxulumene ngonaphakade nale wobugcisa izakhiwo.