Ukuze emishini. imiyalelo emishini zamaXesha Aphakathi

Imbali unqulo isixelela nokufuna yokomoya abantu ezahlukeneyo ukutyhubela iminyaka. Ukholo bekusoloko ikholwane womntu, kwanika intsingiselo ebomini bakhe yaye zizizathu kungekuphela phambili basekhaya kodwa kwi uloyiso yehlabathi. Abantu ziye zaziwa - ntle a kwezentlalo, ngoko baye bafune ukufumana abantu abanazo kunye nokudala iyuniyoni, leyo uphethwe ukuhambisa target. Umzekelo loluntu ezinjalo ezi odolo emishini, eziquka nabazalwana nokholo, ukuqonda eliqhelekileyo ukuphumeza njani iminqophiso mentors ebomini.

hermits Egyptian

Monasticism yavela hayi eYurophu, kufuneka imvelaphi yayo ezinkqantosini enkulu laseYiputa. Apha IV ngenkulungwane ye hermits ababefuna ukuya iminqweno zokomoya kwindawo esitheleyo kude elimiweyo kunye neminqweno yayo kunye ingamampunge. Fumana kungabikho ndawo phakathi kwabantu, baya entlango, ophilileyo emoyeni evulekileyo okanye kumabhodlo ezinye izakhiwo. Amaxesha amaninzi, zangamawele, zithabathela ngabalandeli. Bobabini ke kuso, sishumayela, wathandaza.

Iimonki ehlabathini kwakukho abasebenzi imisebenzi ezahlukeneyo, yaye ngamnye bazisa into eyahlukileyo eluntwini. Kulo nyaka 328 Pahomiy Veliky, owake waba lijoni, wagqiba ukuba balungelelanise ubomi abazalwana nisekelwe eMonastri, apho kwiintshukumo ezilawulwa yi ngummiselo. Kungekudala saqalisa ukuba kuvela imibutho efanayo kwezinye iindawo.

Ukukhanya kolwazi

Ngowe-375 AD Vasiliy Veliky walungelelanisa uluntu wokuqala omkhulu emishini. Ukususela ngoko, imbali unqulo sele iqalile flow kwicala ezahlukeneyo: abazalwana kunye nje kuphela wathandaza yaye bafunda imithetho zokomoya, kodwa baye bafunda ihlabathi, ukuqonda yendalo, iinkalo bulumko zobomi. Ngenxa yemigudu lendela ukutyhubela iminyaka ezimnyama ubulumko ephakathi elidlulileyo kunye nolwazi yoluntu, kungengaso walahleka elidluleyo.

Ukufunda kunye nokuphuculwa endle lwezenzululwazi luxanduva monki kunye woonongendi e Monte Cassino, eyasekwa yi Benedict of Nursia, uthathwa uyise monasticism eNtshona Yurophu.

JANUWARI

530 ngonyaka kuthathwa umhla xa umyalelo wokuqala emishini. Benedict wayesaziwa nangokuthobeka kwentliziyo yakhe; wayijikeleza ngokukhawuleza kwasekwa iqela labalandeli. Ke baba phakathi iimonki Imibono yokuqala njengoko wabizwa imbeko yinkokheli yabo.

Ubomi kunye nomsebenzi abazalwana lwenziwa ngokungqinelana nale Tshatha, eyenzelwe Benedict of Nursia. Ithe ayikwazi ukutshintsha indawo yenkonzo, lokuba nayiphi na impahla ngokupheleleyo baba ngokuxhomekeke umphathi. Imimiselo ezimiselweyo imithandazo umnikelo kasixhenxe ngemini, umsebenzi eqhubekayo emzimbeni, bahlangabezana iiyure yokuphumla. Charter ichaza izidlo kunye nemithandazo, isohlwayo kuba enetyala, ayimfuneko ukuze ukufunda le ncwadi.

Isakhiwo woonongendi

Kamva, imiyalelo ezininzi zonqulo kumaXesha Aphakathi zakhiwa ngokusekelwe kwi Imibono ezingummiselo. Zigcinwe yaye sabaphathi lwangaphakathi. Le umphathi intloko yakhethwa phakathi lendela kunye ubhishophu ibango. Waba ummeli ubomi woonongendi ehlabathini, ehamba abazalwana ngoncedo lwabancedisi eziliqela. I Benedictines ziye ngokupheleleyo kwaye ngokuthobeka bathobele umphathi.

Abemi woonongendi baye bohlulwa babe ngamaqela ezilishumi, ezibe iphethwe lama-. Abbot Phambi (abancedisayo) ukujonga ukuthotyelwa ezingummiselo, kodwa izigqibo ezibalulekileyo emva entlanganisweni bonke abazalwana kunye.

ukubunjwa

I Benedictines ziye nje ube nomncedisi leCawa kwi vangela elitsha izizwe. Eneneni, sibamba ngazibini kubo ukuba ngoku siyazi malunga nokuqulethwe ezininzi ngqangi yamandulo ngqangi thina. Lendela Sizibandakanye Yeremiya iincwadi, ukugcinwa ezikhumbuzo zeengcinga bulumko yexesha elidlulileyo.

Yaba imfundo inyanzelekile ukusuka kwiminyaka esixhenxe. Inani lezinto kuquka umculo, ngeenkwenkwezi, izibalo, ubuciko kunye negrama. Imibono wasindisa eYurophu kwimpembelelo eziyingozi lwenkcubeko amaqaba. amathala eencwadi amakhulu yoonongendi, izithethe zokwakha nzulu, ulwazi kwicandelo lezolimo ziye zanceda ukugcina impucuko kwinqanaba endilisekileyo.

Ukwehla Imvuselelo

Ebudeni bolawulo Karla Velikogo kufuneka ixesha xa Imibono ukuze emishini akazange ezona amaxesha. I koMlawuli bazisa isishumi eBandleni, wabuza ukuba yoonongendi lwenani elithile amajoni wabanika amandla Oobhishophu indawo enkulu abalimi phezu kwabo. Convents baba aphuculweyo kunye zimele titbit nganye, umnqweno kwandisa ntle yabo.

Abameli kwamandla zexeshana bakwazi Wafumana wenkolo. Oobhishophu ziya kuzisasaza ngqo ezi kuKhesare, antywiliselwe ngakumbi kwimicimbi yehlabathi. Abbots godlo ezintsha ngokusesikweni kuphela inxaxheba kwizinto zokomoya, anandiphe iziqhamo iminikelo kunye norhwebo. Inkqubo secularization uzisele ubomi intshukumo ngenxa ukuvuselelwa imilinganiselo yokomoya, wayithanda kakhulu ukuyilwa odolo ezintsha zonqulo. iziko Union kwi X kwinkulungwane waba eMonastri in Cluny.

Klyuniytsy kunye Cistercians

Abbot Bernon wafumana isipho esivela kwilifa iNkosana Aquitaine, e-Upper lwaseBurgundy. Apha, e Cluny, waseka eMonastri entsha, ezamahala akuyiwa igunya kunye wayenguphum wobudlelwane. imiyalelo emishini zamaXesha Aphakathi lifumanise ukunyuka entsha. Klyuniytsy wathandazela onke amakholwa, ukuba baphile ngokwesiko, kuphuhliswa ngokusekelwe kwezibonelelo Benedictines, kodwa ngqongqo ngakumbi kwimiba yokuziphatha kunye yesiqhelo yemihla ngemihla.

Kwinkulungwane XI umyalelo Cistercian emishini, ngubani wayithimba umthetho ukulandela ngokommiselo, ngqongqo yayo kuyabathibaza abo bebengathanda ukuba abalandeli ezininzi. Inani iimonki landa kakhulu ngenxa yokuba amandla nomtsalane kwesinye neenkokeli Order, uBernard of Clairvaux.

Inani elikhulu

Kwiinkulungwane XI-XIII imiyalelo zonqulo omtsha Catholic Church wabonakala ngamanani amakhulu. Ngamnye kubo into ophawulwe kwimbali. Camaldolese idume charter yazo engqongqo: abazange banxibe izihlangu, yamkele self-bake, musani ukudla inyama, nokuba babesifa. Carthusians kwakhona chtivshie imithetho engqongqo ababesaziwa njengezona wemikhosi banobubele, ngubani ingqalelo ukuphana yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ubulungiseleli bakhe. Enye mithombo iphambili yengeniso kubo yaba ukuthengiswa kotywala "Chartreuse", awathi ngokwabo Cartesians iresiphi.

Igalelo lakhe imiyalelo zonqulo kumaXesha Aphakathi benze kunye nabasetyhini. Xa intloko yoonongendi, kuquka abantu, ubuzalwana Fontevraud wema Abbess. Babegqalwa namestnitsami Virgin Mary. Elinye lamanqaku olwahlula le Charter ngesibhambathiso cwaka. Beguines - uMyalelo, eyenziwe kuphela kwabasetyhini - phezu koko, kwafuneka ngokommiselo. Abbess yakhethwa phakathi ebafundini yonke imisebenzi mayibhekiswe kwingoma yesisa. Beguines bahambe umyalelo kwaye atshate.

odolo Chivalric-emishini

Ngexesha leeMfazwe baqalisa ukuba kuvela ulkwazi olutsha lombutho. Kokoyiswa komhlaba wasePalestina waba phantsi call of the Catholic Church ukuba akhulule iindawo zamaKristu engcwele ezandleni Muslim. Kumazwe wasempumalanga wayalela inani elikhulu zabanquli. Kwakufuneka ukuba likhuselwe kwintsimi yotshaba. Oku unobangela umyalelo emkhosini.

Amalungu umbutho omtsha kwelinye icala, banikwe izibhambathiso ezintathu Ubomi: intlupheko, ukuthobela kunye continence. Kwelinye - bakudinisa isikrweqe, wayesoloko naye ikrele, wathabatha inxaxheba kumaphulo zomkhosi njengoko kuyimfuneko.

Knightly imiyalelo zonqulo isakhiwo triple: izilingo Abefundisi (umbingeleli), abazalwana-amajoni kunye nabakhonzi nabo. Intloko Order - GM - kukhethwe ubomi, candidacy bakhe evunywe yi-Pope, onamandla ephakamileyo phezu womanyano. Sahluko kunye seSahluko Priors athile eziqokelelweyo (indibano jikelele, apho izigqibo ezibalulekileyo ezivunywe yi kwemithetho Order).

Yimibutho ngayo Templars nentlaka seal yokomoya (hospitallers) leTeutonic umyalelo, platypus. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba iziganeko zembali, ogama ukubaluleka ayikwazi nemikhuba. Yobu ngoncedo yabo nempembelelo uphuhliso Europe, kwaye kulo lonke ihlabathi. Igama nenjongo engcwele inkululeko ngesango umnqamlezo, ezibe athungwe phezu kartel isambatho. ukuze nganye zonqulo kusetyenziswa umbala nemilo ukuba adlulisele nomlinganiswa kunye nenkangeleko ezahlukeneyo ukusuka abanye.

ukuwa igunya

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIII ibandla kwanyanzeleka ukuba banyamezele inani enkulu amahlelo sazi ukuba lilixa lokugqibela. Abefundisi baye balahlekelwa ukuthembeka yalo yangaphambili, ze wathetha ngemfuneko ukuguqula okanye ukuvala inkqubo neecawa, njengoko kukho umaleko okungeyomfuneko phakathi komntu noThixo, umgwebe kobutyebi obuninzi buzinze ezandleni ngabalungiseleli. Ukuphendula, kwakukho Kwamacala eyenzelwe ukubuyisela intlonipho abantu zeCawa. Nangona kunjalo, indima luncedo ngakumbi kule misebenzi Udlale imiyalelo zonqulo mendicant, waba ulahliwe inkonzo prerequisite ngokupheleleyo propati.

Frantsisk Assizsky

Ngowe-1207, waqala ukuthatha Franciscans imilo. intloko yayo, Frantsisk Assizsky, wabona kakuhle umsebenzi iintshumayelo kunye kukulahlwa. Waye nxamnye ekusekweni amabandla nezigodlo, kunye nabalandeli bakhe baye bahlangana kanye ngonyaka endaweni emisiweyo. Zonke ezinye iimonki beshumayela ebantwini. Noko ke, ngo-1219 kodwa yaphakanyiswa eMonastri Franciscan xa ukunyanzelisa le Pope.

Frantsisk Assizsky wayesaziwa ngobubele bakhe, ukukwazi ukuba kube lula yaye ngokuzinikela ngokupheleleyo. uthando lwakhe ngayo italente enkondlo. iminyaka lamiselwa nje emibini emva kokufa kwakhe, uye wazuza lukhulu abalandeli yaye waphila intlonipho Catholic Church. Maxa kwasekwa amaxesha ahlukeneyo amasebe ukuze Franciscan: Order of the Capuchins, Terzian, min, i Observants.

Dominic de Guzman

On emishini Lwemali Church uthembele kwimibandela yokulwa imbuka. Enye iziseko Yancinwa Order of the baseDominican, owasekwa ngo-1205. Waba ngunozala Dominik De Guzman, i umlweli nesele ngokuchasene nabawexuki, funda kuphilwa kunye nentlupheko.

Order of the baseDominican enye yeenjongo zayo eziphambili ekhethe kwinqanaba eliphezulu abashumayeli zoqeqesho. Kuba umbutho kweemeko ezifanelekileyo zokufunda base bekhululekile nokuba imithetho ekuqaleni ngqongqo emisela abazalwana ubuhlwempu kunye nokutshutshiswa rhoqo bayijikeleza imizi. BaseDominican Ngoko ke akanyanzelekanga ukuba zisebenza ngokwazo: lonke ixesha labo, ngoko banikezela imfundo kunye nomthandazo.

Ekuqaleni le XVI Church ngenkulungwane kwakhona ekwintlekele. Ukuzibophelela kwe nabefundisi ukuba akanaso kunye ezimbi kujongela phantsi igunya. UHlaziyo impumelelo ngenkani abefundisi ukuba afune iindlela ezintsha imbeko kokubuya yangaphambili. Ngoko Theatines oda, kwaye ke Society of uYesu yasekwa. ubudlelwane emishini wafuna ukubuyela neenjongo odolo kumaxesha aphakathi, kodwa ixesha uye inani layo. Nangona uninzi yoMyalelo ezikhoyo namhlanje, ukusuka ubukhulu owayesakuba kancinane abaseleyo.