Yintoni na serf - le etymology kunye nembali ukusetyenziswa kwayo

Khumbula sicatshulwa odumileyo ukusuka oyintanda "Ivan", uyawaguqula umsebenzi wakhe: "Wena phantse akonwabanga lady amanene, serf?" "Oh, nina ukuhamba, iqhakuva onokufa, yamahlwempu ezingcolileyo"!? Thina axakwe phezu ehleka kunye Yakin (Michael Pugovkina), Mhle abangcangcazelisi (uYuri Yakovlev), kodwa xa bathembisa ukuphinda ufunde ukungafi comedy Bulgakov, thina ukutsalela ingqalelo ulwimi enkulu, ukuba lowo msebenzi kubhaliweyo.

Stinks stinks ukuxabana

Umfundi yanamhlanje, umlibale ngokukhawuleza izifundo a kweso sifundo esikolweni ezifana imbali, mhlawumbi kwaoko uze uxele ukuba umlimi nyhuku ezinjalo, okanye mandithi ngubani na. Kodwa ke ukwazi, kakade, loo nto iya kuba umdla ukufumanisa ukuba kule ndlela enabizelwa abemi karhulumente yamandulo Russian, ngaphandle aziingangamsha (izinduna) kunye nabefundisi. ie phantsi kwale nto ibonisa bantu ezivenkileni, abarhwebi amagcisa, iyahlekisa awayeyabula yaye abemi, ngokunjalo abalimi. Ngoko ke yintoni na serf? Lo commoner, mntu imvelaphi abangenakwazi. Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha, ilizwi liba semantics ezahlukeneyo.

umbuzo Sasungulwa

Ke kaloku, ngenxa ingcaciso. Abalimi baseRashiya baba kanye abalimi simahla. Emva koko, njengoko kubukhoboka, ahlukana aya ngokweendidi ezintathu: "Abantu", "amakhoboka", "smerdy". "Abantu" ebizwa ngaphandle izinduna abanini abemi wokuzalwa eliphantsi. Njengoko "Inyaniso Russian" (ukuvavanya ngokusemthethweni uxwebhu XI-XVI iinkulungwane), ukuba umntu obulele umntu simahla kwaye libanjiwe, kufuneka uhlawule isohlwayo 40 hryvnia. Yaye yintoni na serf, ukuba umphefumlo wakhe ezixabisa akukho ngaphezu yomphefumlo umkhonzi (ikhoboka) - 5 hryvnia? Kwakhona, kuvela, ikhoboka. Kabani? Prince, ie Boyar.

Uhlobo lwe ngamakhoboka ngcembe baqala ukubiza nabo free amafama nabalimi ngubani iyabakhobokisa njengoko ezithile ngokwezinga kunye nokukhula zamazwe mihlaba. Le ntsingiselo kuvamile ukuba ngexesha Kievan Rus.

Serf "kwi Novgorod"

Novgorod Republic intsimi okhethekileyo. Kwaye ke imithetho lidlale ngokwakho. Yintoni na serf phantsi komthetho wendawo? Lo mlimi, ngokuxhomekeke kurhulumente kunokuba umnini labucala. Ke kolu didi baqalisa ukuthwala bonke abalimi. In Russia oko micinga aba didi emininzi abemi. Urhulumente wabanika iziza, apho smerdy yahlawulwa ebuncwaneni irhafu, nabathetheli - umsebenzi "kwi uhlobo": ukutya, ilaphu, zasendle ekhaya, njl Ukuze siphile abalimi ezinjalo waba kwiilali (ukusuka elithi "wahlala", oko kukuthi ... e. "kuhlala"). Malunga neminyaka XV elithi "smerdy" ithathwa yi "abalimi." Yaye ekubeni umkhosi baqashwa evela abantu abaqhelekileyo, kumaxesha ka Ivana Groznogo yaye kamva eli lizwi zazibizwa udidi inkonzo ebantwini.

La maxwebhu (odolo, imiyalezo, iileta, amaxwebhu ezikhalazo) yexesha yamkelwe ngokusemthethweni ifomu xa wayebhekisela amajoni bokumkani. Emva amakhulu ambalwa, ingcamango "serf" iye yaba nokweya, ngamakhoboka uphawulo phantse ngabeka abaqhelekileyo. Hi ndlela leyi, ngemihla embambano njengenkosana ukuba ezithile, ngoko ngoku ukusetyenziswa kwegama elithi "osmerdit": ukuthatha izifundo nebanjwa Prince-ulutshaba.

Kwaye ngaphezulu malunga etymology nelizwi nokusetyenziswa

Ukuba sithethe malunga ngemvelaphi ilizwi, kokwabo kwiqela ulwimi yaseYurophu Indo-. inguqu lungelelanisa esiye sakuphonononga. Kuhleli ukuba bathi ngakumbi malunga ixabiso olu kwisemantiki efunyenwe ngexesha lokusetyenziswa. Ukususela elithi "serf" kwasekwa isenzi 'ukuba anuke, "oko kukuthi, "Unuke". Inyaniso yokuba kwizindlwana, umiwe nabalimi abahlwempuzekileyo namakhoboka-amakhoboka, amrholela le window bubble encinane yasenza, musa ayivuzi umoya. Ngaba lezonka elibaselwe ngumoji "kwi black 'umsi ngokulambisa kufika ngaphandle kwindawo leyo, bonke prokurivaya nge. A kokwindla, ebusika nasentlakohlaza ekuqaleni, kunye nabantu ooronta kunye baqhubeka yenkuku iinkomo. Kucacile ukuba "isongo" smerd ingaba ivumba ikhilomitha kude. Ngoko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha, igama elithi "serf" endaweni yokuthi "umhlaba" beza kuthetha engcolile, imdaka, indoda enukayo. ntonye Modern - "abangenamakhaya."