Stinks - ukuba umntu simahla eluntwini yamandulo

karhulumente Old Russian kwasekwa ngenkulungwane yesithoba, inkqubo nokubunjwa kwayo lilawulwe ngokusonga ubudlelwane ishishini, kwingxaki ngakumbi ubume eluntwini, kwaye umlimi ezingcolileyo - yenye yeempawu ezibalulekileyo ngexesha.

Feudalisation komphakathi yamandulo

Ngoko ke, uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane IX eRashiya waya ithule. ubudlelwane zisandul wobukhosi, ixabiso engundoqo apho yaba lilizwe kunye nabantu abasebenza kuyo. Uluntu tribal gama ngokubonakalayo Wazityanda ngoku intsapho kakhulu nabakwaziyo ukusingatha isiqwenga somhlaba, ithathwa yi- uluntu ekuhlaleni. iinkqubo ziye zenzeka malunga amalungelo lomiwo mhlaba kunye nomhlaba odityanelweyo, ngoku obulawulwa usapho olunye. On co-ubunini amalungelo abantu banandiphe basike, amahlathi kunye amadlelo. Noko ke, ngakumbi ngakumbi kukho umkhwa ukujika ezi ibe lilifa sobuqu. Ngoko uqalisa ukwakha ifike ipropati yabucala. Kulo mba, encotsheni esiphezulu lisanyuka ezo iintsapho apho kukho inani elikhulu lamadoda, ukukwazi ukwandisa ubunini mhlaba intsapho yabo. mkhaya kukho inani elincinane lamadoda kwanyanzeleka ukuba uma- ngaphantsi. Ingakumbi iinkokeli lizwe-ambambe waphumelela amadoda.

I ubuxhakaxhaka yokuma koluntu

Le ukwabiwa kwezibonelelo lizwe kwakhokelela ekubeni ezithile ngokwezinga phakathi kwabantu free ekuqaleni. Usapho kakhulu nempumelelo ngokukhawuleza apha naphaya ukulungiselela iimeko ezintsha zoqoqosho kunye namashishini kwaye uhlale amafama ezamahala, ngoko smerdy apho. Inkcazo lo gama iyakubonakaliswa kwingxelo ukuba abantu, ukhuseleko ukuzimela buqu kunye noqoqosho kwixesha kophuhliso olukhawulezileyo yobudlelwane wobukhosi. Kweli xesha lokuqala feudal aba bantu aba uninzi lwabemi kuluntu yamandulo. Nangona kunjalo, Ukusombuluka inkqubo feudal, abaninzi kubo ile iwonga, ajike abe uhlobo olwahlukileyo yabemi abaxhomekeke. Xa umlimi efanayo ezingcolileyo - asiyiyo udidi homogenous yoluntu, nabo phakathi kakuhle-off, wabiza amadoda, ngokunjalo "maqhawe" abo abalungele yaye kufuneka bathathe inxaxheba emfazweni (a non sine ao yaba imfuneko ukuxhobisa ngokupheleleyo ukulungiselela amanyathelo zomkhosi).

amakhoboka abakhululekileyo nabangamakhoboka

Kunye ekomelezeni karhulumente kanzima Ingxenye nelungelo. Ekubeni logic feudal kufuna ukuphuculwa rhoqo kwabantu ngokuxhatshazwa, abanini mhlaba elikhulu ngokuthe ngcembe umthwalo inani elikhulu wabanumzana. Ngoko ke, yamahlwempu ezingcolileyo - nto yaba uhlobo isoyikiso ukuya kwikamva kakuhle-ntle kaNdikhoyo feudal, kwaye elidlulileyo wazama iindlela ezininzi ukuba ngowokuqala kubantu abaxhomekeke kubo. Kwaye kaninzi kwenzeka, ezincedwa kunye neemeko zemozulu. ukungaphumeleli Crop, izikhukula, imbalela - zonke ezi ngezenzeko kwakhokelela ekubeni uqoqosho kanye liyachuma of ngamakhoboka zaye ayehla. Ukondla iintsapho zabo, kwanyanzeleka ukuba bafune uncedo izinduna, yaye bawa ebukhobokeni ukuya bakhaya zizityebi. Kuba uboleke imali, iimbewu kunye nezixhobo kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule.

Oku kungenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Enye inxalenye abanamatyala bangena kwisivumelwano kunye nombolekisi ( "inombolo" umbhalo eNdala Russian) kwaye wasebenza kuyo ixesha labo baqhelisela ukuze amatyala. Aba bantu babizwa "ryadovichi". Enye ingxenye kwakhona ngokuhlawula ngenxa yetyala ( "Coop" xa umbhalo yamandulo), kodwa akaba nako ukufumana nimke umbolekisi de ube kubuyisela ngokupheleleyo impahla ebolekiweyo. Abantu abanjalo kuthiwa "Zákupy."

acace

Noko ke, emva kokuba engazibaleli umntu waba kwakhona free. yamahlwempu ezingcolileyo kwi Russia yamandulo - kule imeko ngabantu luphawulwa indawo yawo umphakathi wobukhosi. Le status unokuphulukana ngonaphakade ukuba umntu akazange akwazi ukuzalisekisa izibophelelo zayo, ngoko uba likhoboka, mna disfranchised umntu, kuphela notch wangaphezu kwekhoboka. Kamva, kunye nophuhliso zembali, ilizwi uphulukene intsingiselo yawo yokuqala. In Russia XVI-XIX kwiinkulungwane serf - unyulo ngendelelo lwabantu imvelaphi abathobekileyo, asetyenziswe kwizangqa yezikhulu yoluntu Russian.