Yezibalo zamaGrike amandulo-bulumko. yezibalo Outstanding Greek kunye impumelelo yazo

AmaGrike amandulo wenza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso zenzululwazi ngqo: zemathematika, ngeenkwenkwezi, physics. Ezinye iintlanga ngelo xesha, nathi, sibe ulwazi oluthile. Kodwa ukuba amaYiputa namaBhabhiloni sasisaneliswa evulekileyo sele nokuphonononga le ndawo, amaGrike udlulela ngakumbi. Abazange ayeke apho ukuvula ezintle ezintsha kwiinkalo ezahlukileyo zobomi.

izibalo Greek

Lo inzululwazi yenye omdala nezaziwayo. Kakade ke, amaGrike negalelo kuphuhliso inkcubeko kunye yokuma, ukucinga ngombandela nokuqiqisisa economics. isikolo sabo yokucinga yaba phambili kangangokuba nanamhlanje yabothusa iingxelo bomhla kunye ezifunyaniswe. Kodwa nezibalo wabeka niche kule nkqubo entsonkothileyo ulwazi lwenzululwazi.

Ezininzi impumelelo kummandla arithmetic efunekayo kwingxoxo ukuba ziye zithandwa kangaka kunye namaGrike. Abantu ababehlanganisene yembutho, ngelithi yaye ngaloo ndlela beze isigqibo esisiso. "Xa impikiswano ozelwe inyaniso" - le mfundiso sele ifikelele thina nayo ukususela ngelo xesha.

Nayiphi yezibalo Greek ebeyithanda lo imbeko nentlonipho. Lithathelwe theorems kunye neefomula, kuye kube nzima ukuqonda abantu elula lokubonisana encotsheni kwinqwanqwa, ezintlwini zezinye ezingqondweni ezinkulu. Uphuhliso imathematika njengendlela inzululwazi ufumbethe ukuya noArchimedes, Pythagoras, Euclid kunye nezinye ubuntu, imisebenzi kunye ezifunyaniswe eyenza isiseko kwezifundo algebra kunye nejiyometri mihla ezikolweni kunye neeyunivesithi.

KaPythagoras nesikolo sakhe

Le yezibalo Greek, sobulumko, abapolitiki, uluntu kunye namanani zonqulo. Wazalwa malunga ngo-580 BC kwi kwisiqithi Samos, kangangokuba abantu wabizwa ngokuba Samos. Ngokutsho legend, kaPythagoras indoda emnandi kakhulu yaye eyinzwana. Akazange adinwe ndifunda zonke ezintsha kunye engaziwa, kwaba ngokwenene imfundo abakhethekileyo. Wafunda lo mfana nje kuphela ekhaya kodwa e-Indiya, Egypt neBhabhiloni.

Pythagoras, ingcali yezibalo yaMandulo zamaGrike kunye abakhusela slaveholders kunye basebukhosini. Idealist ukuba undoqo, e Croton, waseka isikolo bakhe, kwaba bobabini isakhiwo yonqulo nezopolitiko. umbutho ecacileyo ebomini, imithetho engqongqo ngemihla kunye izimiso - iimpawu zayo eziphambili. Ngokomzekelo, amalungu oluntu ayikwazanga unepropati yabucala, esitya ukutya imifino, yaye saqalisa ukuba ukuvula abasemzini iimfundiso utitshala wakhe.

Xa idemokhrasi kwafikela Croton, kaPythagoras kunye nabalandeli bakhe babalekela Metapontum. Kodwa mvukelo ethandwayo zahlasela esixekweni. Ngo elinye nokulwa wabulawa yezibalo kunyaka-90 ubudala. Kunye naye abakho isikolo wayo odumileyo.

ukuvulwa kaPythagoras

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ezithile ukuba ubuqambi zakhe kokwabo nenkcazelo integers, iimpawu zabo kunye enkulu. Kwakhona Wayengomnye izazinzulu yokuqala owathi ukuba uMhlaba ngeenxa zonke, ukuba iiplanethi awunayo indlela motion njengeenkwenkwezi. Ezi iingcamango lwenze isiseko iimfundiso odumileyo heliocentric of uCopernicus. Ekubeni ubomi yonke le sisazinzulu sele engqongwe imfihlakalo, ukuba wasinda akukho eninzi iinyani ezinika umdla malunga nemisebenzi yayo. Abanye ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukuba wayengqina theorem odumileyo. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo, alazi, kunye nezinye izizwe ezininzi zamandulo elide phambi kokuzalwa lwemathematika.

sobulumko yamaGrike kunye kwezezibalo, kwafuneka ezininzi anobunkunkqele ekuthetheni amatyala, hayi kuphela zenzululwazi. igama lakhe kunye imisebenzi ligutyungelwe yeentsomi namabali, kunye nobugqi. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba kaPythagoras ilawula imimoya kwelabafileyo uyayiqonda ulwimi kwezilwanyana, ukunxibelelana nabo, icwangcisa ukubhabha yeentaka kwicala elifanelekileyo kuye, uyakwazi ukuchaza ikamva. Kwakhona wathi kuye amandla ukuthakatha.

Archimedes: imisebenzi ephambili

Le yenye abameli liphambili ixesha, edume Scientist, isithandi, yezibalo kunye umsunguli. Wazalwa ngo-287 BC yaseSyracuse. Kule dolophu encinane waphila phantse bonke ubomi bakhe, emva koko wabhala azibhala akhe adumileyo kunye nokuvavanya iindlela ezintsha. Uyise waba ngeenkwenkwezi enkundleni Phidias, ngoko uqeqesho Archimedes zenzeka kwinqanaba eliphezulu. Kwafuneka yokungena kwithala ixesha eli, emagumbini zokufunda kuzo bachitha ngaphezulu kwe ngenye imini.

Iye yasinda imisebenzi ezininzi nokungokwezibalo sisazinzulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba kwahlulwa ibe ngamaqela ezintathu.

1. Works umthamo abazinikeleyo ummandla imizimba wegophe kunye nezibalo. Ukuba ibe oluninzi theorems aqinisekisiweyo.
2. Uhlalutyo Geometric iingxaki hydrostatic kunye static. Olu phando malunga intsalela amanani, ngesigxina umzimba emanzini njalo-njalo.
3. Okunye umsebenzi yezibalo. Ngokomzekelo, malunga calculus of engenakubalwa enjengentlabathi, theorem mechanical ebonisa.

Archimedes wabulawa ngexesha lokufakwa laseSirakuse yimikhosi yaseRoma. Ngangendlela wachukumiseka gqitha kukubona umzobo ingxaki omtsha zejometri, akazange phawula nesoldati babuyela. Eli joni babulala sisazinzulu, esazi ukuba umphathi wanika ukuze asindise ubomi yezibalo odumileyo sobulumko.

Archimedes igalelo kuphuhliso Sciences ngqo

Wonke umntwana uqhelene nalo eli nani ebalaseleyo ukususela kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo. Ngubani na yena, sezibalo yamandulo yamaGrike, wathi "Eureka"? Impendulo yalo mbuzo ilula - yi Archimedes. Ngokutsho legend, ukumkani wayalela ukuba ukufumana phandle - ngegolide ecocekileyo othengisa kwesithsaba saso okanye bakhohlisa, ngokuxuba ngayo kunye nezinye zesinyithi. Ecinga ngale ngxaki, Archimedes walala emanzini ezaliswe ngamanzi. Kwaye ngoko ke kwenzeka kuye kwafunyaniswa eyothusayo: umlinganiselo wokubanzi onokuthwalwa obuphalazelwe phezu ngohlangothi kwisitya, kusekho umthamo wamanzi abalahlekelwa umzimba wakhe. Kokuba wenze eso sigqibo, wadanduluka bonke ukulazi ilizwi "Eureka". Yamandulo yezibalo Greek nale isikhuzo ngaphuma webhate waza wabaleka ekhaya, kwi buff, bezama ukuba babhale zophando lwakhe.

Kwakhona, Archimedes, kwiminyaka engamawaka amabini phambi kokuba ukufunyanwa integrals bakwazi ukubala indawo icandelo ezizekelisayo. Wavula inani "pi" yehlabathi, ebonakalalisa ukuba umlinganiselo enobubanzi isangqa ubude achazwe apha usoloko umnye na loo iimilo zejiyometri. Wadala lo kuthiwa-Archimedes 'Screw - kwase-moya kunye inqanawa ophephela mihla. Phakathi impumelelo yakhe yokujula uphakamisa oomatshini. Ihlebo kokudalwa 'isipili sigade "yakhe, ngokusebenzisa ezo zatshatyalaliswa iinqanawa lutshaba, kude kube ngoku, abaphandi abayityhilela umhla.

Euclid

Ixesha elininzi lakhe wasebenza phezu imisebenzi zomculo, utyhila izinto ezifihlakeleyo ubucukubhede yemvelo, wafunda ngeenkwenkwezi. Kodwa inxenye kunjalo kunikezelwa izibalo imisebenzi yakhe, wamngenisa kusikhumbuza ngeziganeko eziliqela kunye theorems. Igalelo lakhe kuphuhliso lo inzululwazi kunzima ukuba zazi, njengoko umsebenzi Euclid baba sisiseko kwezinye izazinzulu, owayephila kwiinkulungwane ezininzi emva kwakhe.

Yintoni igama sezibalo zamandulo zamaGrike owabhala yingqokelela zezibalo ezaziwayo-kakuhle i "Qala", eliquka iincwadi 15? Kakade ke, Euclid. Waba nako ukuqulunqa neziphakamiso eziphambili geometry, yaba theorem ebalulekileyo malunga sum of engile kanxantathu kunye theorem kaPythagoras. Njengoko igama lakhe linxulunyaniswa imfundiso malunga nokwakhiwa ezimacala rhoqo, nto leyo namhlanje bahlonelwe yonke yezibalo abatsha izifundo geometry. Euclid wafumanisa indlela komzimba. Iye yamkelwa Newton Leibniz wafumana indlela yokubala: engundoqo kunye umehluko.

inabe

Le yezibalo Greek wazalwa malunga 625 BC. Kangangexesha elide wahlala eJiputa, waza ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo umlawuli lizwe, ukumkani Amasis. Legend yokuba yena uFaro kanye bakhwankqiswa, ukulinganisa ubude iphiramidi kuphela ubungakanani komthunzi walo.

Inabe ithathwa ngukhokho lenzululwazi lesiGrike, omnye madoda asixhenxe izilumko abatshintsha iziseko ulwazi. Ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba inabe waba ngowokuqala ukuba ubungqina theorems esisiseko geometry. Umzekelo, ukuba ubhalwe imo yekona kwisangqa kusoloko umgca othe ngqo, isangqa ubukhulu iyahlula ibe ngamaqela amabini alinganayo kwi iimbombo unxantathu isosceles kunye elingana, zonke engile nkqo ziyafana, njalo njalo.

Inabe lithathwe ifomula, njengako apho oonxantathu kusoloko kuya kuba njalo, ukuba ngaba ncam ubuso kunye neekona ezikufutshane kuyo. Wafunda ukujonga indlela umgama ukuya umkhumbi kude yi oonxantathu kwemiqathango. Ukongeza, wenza esinye isibini obafunyanwa ngeenkwenkwezi, elona xesha ngqo le equinoxes kunye ngenjikalanga. Kubalulekile kwakhona wokuqala kubalwa ixesha lonyaka.

Eratosthenes

Lo ngowona nani ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ebekuthanda isifundo isithuba, eendawo ezifunyaniswe, intetho wafunda, ubhekisa ulwimi kunye neziganeko zembali. Kwicandelo algebra kunye nejiyometri, waziwa nathi njengoko sezibalo isiGrike, wenza kokufunyanwa kwindlela etsala. Wadala i "aluxhaswanga of Eratosthenes", indlela umdla, kuze kube ngoku ezifundiswa ezikolweni. Enkosi kuye, ungenza anele ngokusebenzisa etsala inani lilonke. La manani na kwacinywa, njengoko kunjalo namhla, yaye behlatyiwe kwinani lilonke. Ngenxa yoko igama - "ngesihlungulo".

Eratosthenes wakwazi ukwakha ngokuzimeleyo mezolyaby - isixhobo nezisombululo esekelwe kwimithetho ubucukubhede ingxaki Delian malunga cube kabini. Yena uyakwazi ukubona ubungakanani kuqala uMhlaba. Ekubeni ingqalelo ubude ithe cwaka zikrelekrele, yena kwakuthe la manani achazwe le planethi - 39 amawaka-960 leekhilomitha. Akulunganga neekhilomitha kuphela ethile minor 300. Eratosthenes nani oqaqambe ngokwenene na ixesha, ngaphandle impumelelo yakhe imathematika ayikwazanga ayisekho ngohlobo yayo yesiqhelo.

Geron

Le yezibalo Greek owayephila BC ngenkulungwane yokuqala. Data kulinganisiwe, njengoko ubungqina ngqo malunga ngobomi bakhe beza imihla yethu encinane kakhulu. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba nguHeron awayezithanda imithetho physics, ubucukubhede, impumelelo risima kwizifundo zobunjineli. Yaba nguye owadala iingcango yokuqala oluzenzekelayo, imidlalo yonopopi, ezele-injini, yamandulo "yeteksi" - isixhobo sokulinganisa indlela, umpu self-Ukuwisa kunye crossbow.

A omninzi umsebenzi wakhe ezinikelwe nemathematika. Weza ifomula ezintsha zejiyometri, liqulunqe iindlela zokubala iimilo zejiyometri. Geron uye wadala ifomyula ezaziwayo-kakuhle, ogama emva kwakhe, apho ukwazi ukubala indawo unxantathu xa usazi ubude macala omabini. Emva kokuba utata esishiyile ezininzi iincwadi ngesandla-ebhaliweyo apho kungekuphela nje umsebenzi wakhe, kodwa izifundo ezinye izazinzulu iboniswe ziye. Nguwo lo merit wakhe omkhulu. Ngokusebenzisa ezi ngxelo siyazi namhlanje malunga noArchimedes, kaPythagoras kunye nezinye zezibalo edumileyo, ziye zaba uphawu ngexesha yazukisa Greece samandulo lonke ihlabathi lamandulo.