Isivumelwano eMunich

ngqo, Isivumelwano eMunich Oko kubizwa ngokuba ezimbi kakhulu nkqubo angaphandle iimpazamo 1930. Sisivumelwano ozakuzo, ezivele njengoko kwizibhambathiso, ecetywayo yi amazwe aseYurophu ngamaNazi eJamani, ukuzama ukugcina ubutshantliziyo yayo, kodwa wakhokelela Ukuqhambuka Second World War.

Emva kokuwa kunye ulwahlulo yoBukhosi Austria-Hungarian, ukususela ngo-1918 ukuya 1938 amaJamani ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezithathu uhlanga ezibe ummandla isimo esitsha yeCzechoslovakia, owayamene imida yommandla yezembali yaseBohemia yoBukumkani. Bona buzinze Sudetenland. Ngokutsho Natalia Lebedeva, umbhali-mbali ye-Russian Academy of Sciences, kunye amabini ekhulwini yeCzechoslovakia yi German.

inkokeli Sudeten waseJamani uKonrad Henlein waseka iqela Sudeten waseJamani, apho waba isebe Party samaNazi enze kuphela izilangazelelo eJamani. Ngo-1935, lo ngowona iqela lezopolitiko yesibini ngobukhulu eCzechoslovakia. Kungekudala emva kokuba Anschluss (ubunye ne eJamani) of Austria, Matshi 28, 1938 Henlein wadibana lukaHitler e Berlin, apho wayalelwa ukuba baphakamise iimfuno ukuya Czechoslovak kaRhulumente, ebizwa ngokuba kwinkqubo Carlsbad. Phakathi iimfuno - amalungelo alinganayo kunye Czechs ukuzimela for amaJamani awayehlala eCzechoslovakia. Ukuba uRhulumente Czechoslovak ukulungele ukwenza umnyinyiva kakhulu malunga zegcuntswana waseJamani, umbuzo okuzimela ongafanele.

Icebo uHitler emva nokudliwa Austria inyathelo elilandelayo yaba ngokoyisa yeCzechoslovakia kunye nokusekwa Germany Greater. NgoMeyi 1938 oko kwazeka ukuba umsebenzi yeCzechoslovakia enyanisweni na umba for eJamani. Meyi 20 Hitler iinjengele zakhe projekthi okwexeshana thaca uhlaselo eCzechoslovakia, codenamed Operation "Grün". Xa umyalelo efihlakeleyo esayinwe uHitler, kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva, kwathiwa loo nto, ukuze uqalise imfazwe nxamnye eCzechoslovakia ungadlulanga umhla we-1 Oktobha.

Urhulumente Czechoslovak besithembe ukuba eFransi, naye yena wangena iqhinga elingaphumi kum, ndize kulo nokuhlangula kuthe kuhlasela waseJamani. ESoviet Union nabo benza isivumelwano kunye eCzechoslovakia, ebonisa ukukulungela ukusebenzisana kunye France kunye Great Britain. Noko ke, iinkonzo ezinokuba eSoviet Union aye ebityeshelwa kulo ntlekele. Adolf Hitler wayeqonda ukuba iBritani neFransi akazange afune imfazwe, kodwa kunqabile ukuba bafune ukuhlanganisa ne eSoviet Union, inkqubo owayenguzwilakhe apho la mazwe bamthiya ngaphezu ubuzwilakhe zwilakhe uHitler bukaThixo.

Mhlawumbi ngelo xesha ngokwayo, eCzechoslovakia, nto leyo yaba ngumkhosi onamandla wayeza kukwazi ukuba zibambe uhlaselo umkhosi kaHitler. YiSoviet Union, ngokungqinelana nesivumelwano ka-1935, yasayinwa phakathi kwamazwe amabini, sinokunceda na eCzechoslovakia kuphela Kwimeko yokuba nyathelo ekuvunyelwene ku France.

Ngo September 18, i-Italian imibala Benito uMussolini wanikela intetho e Trieste, apho wathi Italy ixhasa ezingxaki zangoku eJamani.

British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, ngubani lweli nkqubo lokuzicengezela umhlaseli, wayezimisele ukuba ingaba, ukwenzela ukuthintela imfazwe. Wenza uhambo ezimbini ukuya eJamani, ngaphandle kokucebisana neenkokeli Czechoslovak, uHitler wanikela iimeko zivuma, kodwa Fuehrer waqhubeka iimfuno wongezelela, egxininisa ukuba amabango baseJamani bohlanga Poland kunye Hungary baya kwaneliswa.

Ngo September 24, ethetha e Palace Sports e Berlin, uHitler kwintetho yakhe wamnika yeCzechoslovakia phambi Septemba 28 ukuya lavuma Sudetenland, kungenjalo Germany waya emfazweni.

ICzechoslovakia waqalisa ukuhlanganisa imikhosi yayo. ESoviet Union wavakalisa ukulungela alo ukunceda yeCzechoslovakia. Noko ke, uMongameli Benes yeCzechoslovakia Edvar wala ukuya emfazweni ngaphandle kwenkxaso yavuma.

Neville Chamberlain and French Prime Minister Eduard Delade waya eMunich ukusabela kwiimfuno kaHitler.

Benito uMussolini wanikela uHitler indlela yokusombulula ingxaki: ukubamba inkomfa kunye neenkokeli amazwe amane (UK, France, Italy, Germany), ngaphandle behlupheka eSoviet Union, ukwandisa amathuba ukufikelela kwisivumelwano kunye ukujongela phantsi yamanyama ekufanele ukuba kwakunzima yaseJamani.

Intlanganiso izigqibo, eyaziwa ngokuba kwiNkomfa Munich, senzeka ngoSeptemba 29-30 kwisakhiwo "Führerbau" (House of the uMlawuli). Zezindululo zaye ngokusesikweni zaziswa yi uMussolini, nangona, njengoko kwafunyaniswa kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, isicwangciso Italian lalungiselela iSebe leMicimbi yangaPhandle eJamani. Umkhosi waseJamani ukuze kweso Sudetenland yi-Oktobha 10, kwaye iKomishini International - ukugqiba ikamva kwezinye iindawo impikiswano. Lithemba ukunqanda ukuqhambuka imfazwe yaye befuna ukuba uphephe umfelandawonye eSoviet Union, uNeville Chamberlain kunye Edouard Daladier wavuma ukuba Sudetenland kufuneka uye eJamani. In ukubuya, uHitler wathembisa ukuba uza kuphinda kufuna naziphi na iindawo eYurophu.

Ekugqibeleni, isigqibo ngokusesikweni eJamani, eBritani, France kunye Italy asayina isivumelwano Munich, ngaphantsi kwayo ivimbelwa ukuqhambuka kwemfazwe, kodwa wadlulisela Sudetenland, basala Germany. Urhulumente Czechoslovak kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukuyamkela. Nevill Chemberlen Eduardu Beneshu wathi eBritani engangeni imfazwe kwi ingxaki le Sudetenland.

Daladier and Chamberlain wabuyela ekhaya, apho badibana kwesihlwele elohlokondiba abantu, xibilili ukuba isisongelo emfazwe kudlule. Ithenwa wajika amazwi uluntu yaseBritani, ukuba "izise uxolo kweli xesha lethu." Kodwa amazwi akhe nangoko umngeni ngumpolitiki owaziwayo Winston Churchill, owathi ukuba Neville wanyula phakathi imfazwe kunye nehlazo, "Ukhethe ihlazo, yaye uya kuza imfazwe." Urhulumente waseBritani baphulukana inkxaso kurhulumente Czech kunye Czech Army, omnye ezona eYurophu, wabonisa ukuba Winston Churchill kunye nezinye sezopolitiko abadumileyo, Entoni nesazisi. mbali abaninzi bayavuma ukuba isivumelwano Munich, waqonda njengoko mpikiswano iphambili siphepha ingxa- emkhosini, phantse baya eYurophu ukuya imfazwe buhlungu.

Daladier isivumelwano shy inenkohliso, kodwa Chamberlain gqitha. Ngaphambi kokuba Munich, wada sasayinwa uxwebhu Hitler uqinisekisa ukuba i-UK kunye Germany uya kufuna ukusombulula iiyantlukwano ukuqinisekisa uxolo kwixesha elizayo.

Ngengomso emva kokusayina isivumelwano eliphantsi iJamani ehlonyelwe le Sudetenland. Umgaqo-nkqubo njengoko Chamberlain iye sagxekwa kunyaka ozayo.

Endzhakunyana ulwahlulo yeCzechoslovakia kwakhona yayihanjelwe Poland kunye iHungary unamabango zabo indawo. Waphelisa isivumelwano eMunich, ngoMatshi 1939, iJamani ahlala kuhlala yinxalenye yeCzechoslovakia. Ilizwe liphela khona. KaSeptemba 1, 1939, iJamani yahlasela iPoland. waqala iMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Kuphela koko Neville Chamberlain waqonda ukuba uHitler azinakuthenjwa.

Isivumelwano Munich iye laziwa ngamampunge njengombingelelo-nkqubo expansionist amazwe loozwilakhe, nangona ngandlel 'ithile waza wanceda ukuthenga ixesha namahlakani ukwandisa ukulwa nokulungela kwabo.