Gentry - yintoni na le. Ngubani na lo nene? Imbali emfutshane iindwalutho

Fans nembali Romanov Genrika Senkevicha liye ngokuphindaphindiweyo wadibana kubo into efana "iindwalutho". Intsingiselo yalo, ke, akusoloko gca evela umxholo. Makhe sibone ukuba lo sisibizo, kwaye ujonge imbali isenzeko, ubizwa ngelo gama.

Ntoni igama elithi "iindwalutho"

Eli gama lisetyenziswa kwi-Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ngokuba iklasi amanene.

Enyanisweni, kodwa sisibizo unako kuqwalaselwa ntonye negama elithi "uyazi", "izikhulu". Kulo mzekelo, i iindwalutho - yinto isenzeko okhethekileyo, okufana inkcubeko Polish. Ukongeza, ukuba iye khona kumazwe angabamelwane (Czech Republic, Slovakia) kwaye abo mhlaba ngaphambili aba yinxalenye Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Belarus, Lithuania, Ukraine).

etymology

Igama Russian "iindwalutho" kwabunjwa ukusuka kwimo evumayo szlachta Polish. Ngoko, ke, kungenzeka ukuba aye wabumba ngayo Schlacht elithi German (a emfazweni, impi).

version ubuye eqhelekileyo ukuba i "eliphuma" "baba ngabafo" baba igama elidala German Slacht, elithetha 'uhlobo, uhlobo. "

Yeyiphi kwezi ngcamango ichanekile - ayaziwa. Ingakumbi ukuba wabonakala ubungqina yokuqala etymology ilizwi ekuthethwa kuphela kwinkulungwane XV. Kulo mzekelo, lo mbono uye kwavela kangangeenkulungwane ubuncinane 4 ngaphambili.

Ngubani na nene

Ukuba iindwalutho - ligama eliqhelekileyo yabantu basebukhosini, ummeli womntu, wabizwa ngokuba "igosa" okanye "shlyahtyanka" (ukuba umfazi abazizidwangube).

Ekuqaleni (kwisithuba ubukho uBukumkani of Poland) ukufumana abantu baba ngabafo abaqhelekileyo abakwazanga ngokusisiseko ngenxa Ukugqwesa Military (ngasendleleni, kungoko ke imvelaphi kwikota). Ngoko ke, ngenkulungwane yokuqala kubanumzana Polish ifana kwindima yabo kartel yaseYurophu.

Kumaxesha akutshanje abe igosa lakomkhulu kuba nzima ngakumbi, nangona sokuthimba ezizukileyo kwi edabini. Kulo mzekelo, kuba phantse imbali iphela iindwalutho kubameli bayo babejongene ukuziphendulela lizwe.

Ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali Polish, kwi XVI-XVIII eminyaka. kukho ngaphezu kokuba iintlobo kweshumi le iindwalutho. Zahlula-hlulwe ngokweendidi ezahlukileyo: on yamandulo, ubutyebi, ubukho okanye kungekho Umfuziselo, okanye ilizwe abalimi yi imvelaphi, indawo yokuhlala, etc ...

Nakuba iintlobo ezininzi ungunyana wabanumzana - kusoloko elite yoluntu. Ngoko ke, nkqu iindwalutho bahluphekayo anganayo waba amalungelo kunye namalungelo ngaphezu abaninzi commoner esisityebi.

Ekubeni abaninzi baba ngabafo i-Commonwealth amahlwempu, ubutyebi engundoqo zonke intshisakalo yaba uzuko lwakhe i godnośc (ngokubekeka nangesidima). Ukukhusela nabo, nkqu nene namahlwempu ayekwazi umngeni zizinhanha eyahamba.

Kukho imbono engachananga zonke izidwangube kwakungathethi yamaKatolika. Le yintsomi, kodwa umbuzo unqulo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba Commonwealth, phakathi ukuhlonipheka zayo abameli Christian ezahlukeneyo.

Ibali yezikhulu

Ekubeni wayecamanga ukuba igama elithi "iindwalutho", kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo imbali yale meko.

Eyokuqala Knights izidwangube ukuvela ngenkulungwane XI. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe ngentla apha, isihloko amanene oluyifumana emkhosini. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ngaloo mihla, nabani na ukufikelela empini kufumana liqhawe. Kwaye lo mgaqo usebenza kude kumakhoboka.

Ngenxa yalo mgaqo-nkqubo kwinkulungwane XI. inani elikhulu wabanumzana, yaye abazange nangubo zangaphantsi iingalo ukuba lukhathalelo lukarhulumente lizwe.

Ukususela ngo-XII. iindwalutho - a umhlaba. Ukususela eli xesha izidwangube Polish ngcembe baqale cinezela phantsi kolawulo zonke iinkalo zobomi yoluntu. Ngoko ukuze ilizwe, aba mashumi ambalwa, abalimi phantse ngamakhoboka, angabi uluntu lwasemaphandleni of self-ulawulo, nokusekwa serfdom.

Le meko kunye sabemi besixeko wayengekho ngcono kakhulu. Njengoko burger abantu zoxolo, akazibandakanyi ngquzulwano rhoqo emkhosini, izidwangube anqunyulwe ilungelo lokuba nomhlaba. Kwakhona iingangamsha njalo kuhlawuliswa irhafu abahlali basezidolophini onyolukele aphazamise imicimbi yabo. Ngenxa yoko, ushishino chaza ngenkankulu kuphuhliswa.

inkululeko Golden

Ekubeni aphatha ngayo intsingiselo "iindwalutho" yaye "igosa", exabisa ukufunda malunga ngqikelelo njengoko "iindwalutho idemokhrasi" okanye Złota Wolność (Golden Liberty) ezinjalo.

Kakuhle eli inkqubo yezopolitiko (oko kwasekwa ebukumkanini Poland uze kukubi Rzeczpospolita) kukuba phantse yonke igosa inxaxheba kurhulumente.

Nangona ngokusesikweni kweli lizwe okhokelwa ukumkani, nguye kuphela eYurophu, wonyulwa. Kwaye ukhetha i Ukutya (ipalamente eyenziwa iindwalutho zizityebi, ufana US yeengwevu mihla kubume), kunye nendawo ukumkani ibango phantse zonke izidwangube atyebileyo, kungakhathaliseki uhlobo yamandulo.

King of Poland, wakhethwa ubomi, kodwa izikhulu unelungelo elisemthethweni ukuphakamisa imvukelo nxamnye naye (rokosz) kwaye ukuhambisa angafuneki post yakhe. Ukongeza, ilungu ngalinye Ukutya waba ilungelo azo, wenza ke inkoliso imithetho kwi-Commonwealth ungafumane ulibize ukumkani yezikhulu.

Nangona bendalo eqhubela phambili, Golden Liberty nayo icala elibi. Umzekelo, ukubambana rhoqo kunye nomzabalazo aziingangamsha bazizityebi igunya. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII. eli lizwe kuye sithambe kangangokuba yoyiswa lithi ezintathu: i-Russian uBukhosi, Prussia kunye Austria.

Ukucutheka iyophela yezikhulu njengeklasi

Emva Rzeczpospolita zayeka ukubakhona kwi XVIII ngenkulungwane., Inxalenye enkulu yomhlaba waso yayilawulwa buBukhosi Russian. Abasemagunyeni ezintsha wakufumanisa kuyimfuneko alinganayo kunye iindwalutho izikhulu Russian. Kodwa kwenzeka ukuba izikhulu Polish yaba eninzi (malunga-7% abemi lilonke Poland, ngoxa eRashiya - 1%).

Ukunciphisa kwexabiso layo, lonke kwinkulungwane XIX. kuBukhosi uvelise imithetho ezahlukeneyo ezithintelayo efuna ukuqiniswa iindwalutho uhlobo loxwebhu yamandulo. Noko ke, ukuqokelela zonke iinkcukacha eziyimfuneko abakwazanga zonke izidwangube. Ngenxa yoko, phantse isiqingatha sawo batshintshelwa kudidi abaqhelekileyo.

Lo mgaqo-ndini negalelo neemvukelo ezininzi, okwenza kukhule kuphela imeko yezikhulu yangaphambili.

Emva kokuba iziganeko ka-1917 kummandla awayesakuba Russian uBukhosi kunye Commonwealth baba amalinge ukubuyisela zithandwa njengeklasi kwaye abuyele amalungelo akhe kunye nenkululeko. Noko ke, akuzange kube lula ukufezekisa oku, yaye ngowe-1921 amalungelo iindwalutho yokugqibela ePoland, Ukraine kunye Western Belarus ziye zasuswa, kwakunye iklasi ngokwayo.