Ephakamileyo lwalo Council: kunyaka kwendalo kunye nxaxheba

Ephakamileyo lwalo Council yamiselwa emva kokufa uPetros Omkhulu. ukufikelela UCatherine ukuba etroneni kuye kwabangela imfuneko yokuba intlangano yakhe ukuze ukucacisa le meko: uKumkanikazi akazange akwazi liliso imisebenzi yorhulumente Russian.

ngumba

Ukusekwa kwe Supreme yangasese Council, kwakucingwa, wayeza 'ukuthomalalisa iimvakalelo kabuhlungu' yezikhulu omdala, kushenxiswa ulawulo amanani nerodovitymi. Akuyi kwafuneka ukutshintsha imilo, ezizezi uhlobo kakuhle amandla ophakamileyo, ngenxa yokuba, kwasala izihloko zawo, iye yaba kwiziko loluntu.

mbali abaninzi baye bavakalisa imbono yokuba obubangela ephambili kwinkqubo esekwe uPetros imizimba amakhulu amandla yaba ekungakwazini yokudibanisa uhlobo kwamandla olawulo kunye nomgaqo collegiality, ngoko ke Ephakamileyo yangasese iBhunga yasekwa.

Kwathi kanti loo ukuvela kulo mzimba yengcebiso ephakamileyo akunjalo kakhulu isiphumo longquzulwano Wayenomdla kwezopolitiko, njengokuba kuyimfuneko, ezinxulumene izikhewu kwinkqubo Petrine ayiphelelanga kwinqanaba lolawulo phezulu. Iziphumo umsebenzi bahlala elifutshane weBhunga abazange ebalulekileyo kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba kwakufuneka enze ngoko nangoko emva era olunzulu kunye esebenzayo, xa utshintsho omnye endaweni enye, kodwa kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi loluntu waziva yimincili ngamandla.

Isizathu sokuba ekudaleni

Ukudalwa kwe Supreme yangasese iBhunga yenzelwe ukuqonda iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo le nguqulelo Petrine, inkinga. umsebenzi wakhe wabonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba oko ilifa uCatherine wamelana uvavanyo ixesha, yaye oko kufuneka ngokutsha. Ukulandelelana lonke iBhunga Ephakamileyo walandela umgca ekhethiweyo uPetros imigaqo-nkqubo enxulumene kushishino, nangona ngokubanzi lo mkhwa jikelele umsebenzi wayo ingachazwa kuluxolelaniso iimfuno zabantu kunye nomdla bomkhosi, eli ligatya amaphulo olubanzi mikhosi kukusilela nayiphi yotshintsho butho Russian. Ngaxeshanye, i-arhente wayesebenzisa imisebenzi yayo kunye neemfuno ushishino, nto leyo efunekayo izisombululo ngokukhawuleza.

Amalungu Supreme yangasese Council

Umhla nokusekwa kweziko liphezulu zengcebiso likarhulumente yaqala ngoFebruwari 1726. Amalungu ayo banyulwe kuphole soBekekileyo Prince General Field Marshal Menshikov, Golovkin goskantsler Jikelele Apraksin, Count Tolstoy, uBaron Osterman kunye Prince Golitsyn. Kwinyanga kamva, ubulungu balo eseyifakiwe kwaye iNkosana Holstein - e-mthetho ka-Catherine, eyona umntu othenjiweyo ye uKumkanikazi. Zisuka nje, amalungu omzimba ophakamileyo kuphela ezazingabalandeli uPetros, kodwa kungekudala Menshikov, ngubani phantsi uPetros yeSibini elubhacweni, wamgxotha Tolstoy. Emva kwexesha elithile, Apraksin wafa kunye iNkosana Holstein wayeka nokuya ngokupheleleyo kwiintlanganiso. Ukususela amalungu ekuqaleni amisiweyo Ephakamileyo yangasese Council nezikhundla zayo kukho amalungu amathathu kuphela - Osterman, Golitsyn kunye Golovkin. Ukubunjwa kulo mzimba yengcebiso itshintshile lukhulu ephakamileyo. Ngokuthe ngcembe amandla ocande ezandleni iintsapho ezinamandla njengenkosana - Golitsyn kunye Dolgoruky.

umsebenzi

Yangasese Council on imiyalelo uKumkanikazi wamthoba neNdlu Yeengwevu, leyo ekuqaleni lawisa phambi kokuba ndagqiba kwelokuba ndimthumele kuye imimiselo zokuqala Sinodi elilinganayo kuye. Menshikov umzimba ntsha bazama ukubethelela amandla ngokwabo kunye norhulumente. Abaphathiswa wambiza njengelungu, kunye yeeNgwevu wathabatha isifungo uKumkanikazi. Akuvumelekile ngokungqongqo ukuphumeza Wawayala zisayinwe ukumkanikazi umntwana wakhe, nto leyo Supreme yangasese Council.

Ngokutsho uCatherine iTestamente Okokuqala, ngayo kulo mzimba kwi kwigcuntswana uPetros II wanikwa amandla, kulingana ngexabiso amandla nokumkani. Noko ke, iBhunga yangasese wayengenalo ilungelo lokwenza utshintsho kuphela umyalelo yokulandelelana etroneni.

Ukutshintsha uhlobo urhulumente

Ukususela mzuzu lokuqala ukusekwa umbutho, abaninzi aphesheya uyicinge ithuba seenzame ukutshintsha uhlobo urhulumente eRashiya. Kwaye banyanisile. Xa wafa , Peter II, yaye kwenzeka ngobusuku kaJanuwari 19, 1730, nangona intando Catherine, inzala yakhe bathintelwa ukusuka etroneni. Le izaba i Elizabeth aselula engaphucukanga, umlandeli aselula uPetros, kunye ebuntwaneni komzukulwana lwabo - unyana ka-Anna Petrovna. Umbuzo yokunyulwa kumkani Russian kwalungiswa ilizwi futhe likhulu Prince Golitsyn, owathi ukuba umntu kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo kumgca omdala intsapho kaPetros, yaye ngoko owoyiswayo candidacy uAnny Ioannovny. Ntombi John A., ishumi elinethoba leminyaka abahlala Kurland alunakulungela wonke ubani, ngenxa yokuba ingenamkhethe eRashiya. Wayebonakala ziyalawuleka udlame, kunye nakancane despotism. Ukongeza, le isigqibo ngenxa yokuba non-kwimbono Golitsyn Petrine iinguqulelo. Oku kuthambekela bakuqaphele ngamnye kwavela kudala wajoyina isicwangciso, "okukhulu 'ukutshintsha uhlobo karhulumente, leyo, Kakade, kwaba lula ukwenza ebudeni bolawulo Anna namntwana.

"Iimeko"

Ukuthatha ithuba le meko, "i Ephakamileyo yangasese Council", isigqibo ukuba anciphise inani amandla yedwa, yafuna Anna ukuba asayine iimeko ezithile, ebizwa njalo-"air conditioner." Ngokutsho kwabo, amandla yokwenene kwafuneka ukuba oko, Supreme yangasese kwiBhunga, kunye nendima umlawuli lancipha kwimisebenzi ummeli kuphela. Loo uhlobo urhulumente eRussia entsha.

Ekupheleni kuka January 1730 uKumkanikazi esimfumene kutsha zasayina thaca "imeko." Sakhe Ukususela ngoku ngaphandle kwemvume yeBhunga Ephakamileyo ayikwazanga tie imfazwe, sigqibe izivumelwano uxolo, ukungenisa iirhafu ezintsha okanye irhafu-free. Hayi linobuchule kwaye bachitha ubuncwane ngokwabo ukuze asebenze kule ezintlwini ngaphezulu kwesikhundla sikhulu, imivuzo imizi, nasekusweleni ngabafo yobomi okanye ipropati singagwetywanga, kwaye okona kubalulekileyo - ukuqeshwa indlalifa kwisihlalo sobukhosi.

Umzabalazo zokuba kuhlaziywe "Miqathango"

Anna Ivanovna, akuba eziqhutywa komdala, waya Cathedral ye kwingcinga, apho amagosa karhulumente aphezulu kunye nomkhosi wafunga uKumkanikazi. Le fom intsha yesifungo ukuba kuvinjwa ezinye ibinzana endala okuthetha lobuzwilakhe, kwakungekho kukhankanywa malunga nelungelo omelwe umzimba Ephakamileyo yangasese. Ngelo xesha, umzabalazo elibukhali phakathi kwamaqela amabini - "okukhulu," kunye abaxhasi lobuzwilakhe. Xa inani le yokugqibela wadlala indima Yaguzhinskii P., A. Kantemir, Feofan Prokopovich A. Osterman. Bona ngokuxhaswa amacandelo ezibanzi wabanumzana, ngubani babekulungele ngokutsha "Conditions." Enganeliseki kwabangelwa ngokuyintloko kuyinzuzo kwisangqa emxinwa lwamalungu eBhunga yangasese. Ukongeza, imeko uninzi ngabameli wabanumzana, ngaloo mihla wabizwa ngokuba wabanumzana, wabona ngenjongo yokuseka kwi oligarchy Russian nomnqweno ukuba abele amagama amabini - Dolgoruky kunye Golitsyn - ilungelo ukunyula imonarch utshintshe uhlobo urhulumente.

Rhoxisa "Iimeko"

NgoFebruwari 1730 iqela elikhulu abameli wabanumzana, was kweminye imithombo, ukuya abantu abasibhozo, yaba yenkosi ukuba angenise isicelo Anne Ioannovne. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho ezininzi amagosa Guards. Xa uxwebhu lwezikhalazo uKumkanikazi wavakalisa isicelo engxamisekileyo kunye izikhulu kwakhona nokuhlaziya uhlobo urhulumente ukuba enze kube ukukholisa yonke kubantu Russian. Anna, ngokwendalo yazo ngandlel ezahlukeneyo, kodwa udadewabo omdala - n Ioannovna - kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukungena lwezikhalazo. It iingangamsha wacela ukuba ulongamo epheleleyo abatshabalalise izinto "Conditions."

Anna phezu kweemeko ezintsha iye yafumana imvume yile "okukhulu", ngoko ke akukho nto ngasekhohlo, unqwale nje intloko. Ngokutsho ayephila, ababanga akukho ndlela yimbi, kuba ngelo nenkcaso encinane okanye ukulahlwa, abalindi ayeza babawela. Anna Wazishiya ngochulumanco esidlangalaleni ukuba "imeko" kuphela, kodwa incwadi yakhe yamkelwe izinto.

ekupheleni Council ehlazisayo

Yokuqala ngoMatshi 1730 phantsi kwemiqathango kulongamo epheleleyo yabantu kwakhona wafunga ukuba uKumkanikazi. Emveni ke Manifesto ka Matshi 4 nokupheliswa kwe Supreme yangasese Council iintsuku ezintathu kuphela.

Le isiphelo amalungu ayo zangaphambili kuphuhliswa ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Prince Golitsyn sachithwa, kodwa kwixesha elithile kamva wafa. umzalwana wakhe, kwakunye ezintathu Dolgorukov ezine, wabulawa ebukumkanini Anne. Ingcinezelo bayisindisile mnye kuphela kubo - Vasily Vladimirovich, ukuba xa uElizabhete ecaleni, babuya ekuthinjweni kwaye, kananjalo, utyunjelwe ukuba abe yintloko Military Collegium.

Osterman ebudeni bolawulo uKumkanikazi uAnny Ioannovny waba izithuba ebalulekileyo kurhulumente. Ngaphezu koko, kule minyaka 1740-1741 yena gqaba waba de facto umlawuli lizwe, kodwa ngenxa yokuba omnye lika bhotwe woyiswa kwaye eBha- a ezinde.