Usomajukujuku American yokuqala Alan Apha ndingumhambi. Ukuthunywa "Mercury-Redstone 3" ngoMeyi 5, 1961

Kuba uninzi babantu idumileyo ke Ukuhlolwa kwendawo na, uYuri Gagarin kunye Neil Armstrong. Ummeli we eSoviet Union kuqala yabhabhela isithuba kwaye wabuya waphila, kwaye United States - iye lawela enyangeni.

Noko ke, Armstrong - hayi usomajukujuku lokuqala American. Ziye ke kuthathwa ukuba abe ngumntu owahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. engobomi bakhe ethi, umsebenzi nomnqophiso iza kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku.

Ukulungiselela ukukhethwa oosomajukujuku

Ngoko akukho mfihlelo amagunya amabini aba okhuphisana lusetyenziswayo umba wokuhlola isithuba. Kwi-US, ingxaki ababandakanyekayo iziko Research Langley (Virginia). Nakuba kunjalo, ukongeza ekuyileni nokubeka ukusebenza kwe kwisiphekepheke, kuyimfuneko ukuba ibe iqembu oosomajukujuku.

Ukulungiselela le kwaqala kunye Novemba 1958. Iqela lokuqala oosomajukujuku US kwafuneka ukuba ezikhethiweyo kumanqanaba eziliqela. Ekuqaleni sifuna ukukhetha ikhulu kunye nabaviwa mahlanu ngokuthe ngcembe ulwelo ngaphandle kweli qela labantu ngenxa yonyango nangokwasengqondweni iimvavanyo, kwakunye noqeqesho nyanga-ezisithoba. Ngenxa ukhetho wayeza kuhlala oosomajukujuku ezintandathu.

ukuphazamiseka ebonakalayo kunye ukufuna abaviwa yaba sisigqibo kukaMongameli uDwight Eisenhower, ngubani wabona kuphela abaviwa ilungileyo phakathi pilot uvavanyo. Kwezi khetha nensimbi.

Ukukhetha oosomajukujuku

Ngu ekuqaleni kuka-1959 waqalisa ukhetho. Bakhokelwa iingcali ezi nqobo:

• ukuphakama - 180 cm;
• imeko ngokomzimba;
• ubudala - up to iminyaka engamashumi amane;
• imfundo - yobugcisa (Bachelor);
• zemfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa - i pilot test;
• ngeenqwelo - hayi ngaphantsi kwe elinesihlanu lamakhulu iiyure.

Ngokutsho kwezi nqobo, abameli abavela NASA ezikhethiweyo abagqatswa 110, kubo kwanyulwa iqela imali abantu 36 ukuba benze iimvavanyo ezingaphaya. Ngomhla lokudlula uvavanyo lonyango kunye nasengqondweni ngenyameko ekuvunyelwene abagqatswa-32. Omnye wabo basuswe, ngoko ke iZiko Research wafika 31 olulingwayo. yokhetho kwakunzima gqitha. Ekugqibeleni, iingcali wakhetha ezintandathu, kodwa asixhenxe abantu ngenxa ukubhabha.

Pilot wabiza oosomajukujuku, kunye namagama abo baye baziswa ngokomthetho 09.04.1959 ngonyaka. phakathi kwabo kwakukho usomajukujuku lokuqala American.

I ezisixhenxe zokuqala ne-Alan Apha ndingumhambi

Bonke oosomajukujuku babengabantu usapho ngemfundo yobunjineli, ikwimo entle emzimbeni. iminyaka ngeminyaka ukusuka kwiminyaka 32 ukuya 37 ubudala.

Uluhlu ezisixhenxe zokuqala kunye erenkini umkhosi:

• Dzhon Glenn - Colonel.
• Gordon Cooper, Virgil Grissom, uDonald Slayton - mikhosi.
• Alan Shepard, Walter Schirra - kwiirhuluneli eziphezulu.
• Scott Umchweli - uLieutenant.

Phakathi kwabo kwakukho omnye othe wawongwa Isibizo esithi "usomajukujuku yokuqala American." Abantu baqala ukulungiselela moya yokuqala ngokususela kwiZiko loPhando e Virginia, uze - e Houston (eTexas). ummeli ngalinye Group of abasixhenxe zobungcali yayo. Ophambili kweli nqaku wafunda umsebenzi losindiso tracking system.

Education Apha ndingumhambi

Alan wazalwa ngomhla 18.11.1923 kwisixeko Derry. Xa wayeneminyaka engama-36, waba ngomnye oosomajukujuku ezisixhenxe ezihleliweyo yi NASA endisabela va swi. Ngeendlela ezininzi, oku negalelo kwimfundo uye wafumana.

usomajukujuku Future Alan ndingumhambi ngexesha lakhe izidanga Academy College of Admiral Farragut, Naval Academy abanesidanga ka-Bachelor of Science, Naval College.

career iflaya

Emva kokufumana isidanga yezidanga kaThixo, Alan ndingumhambi waba wayeligosa Navy. Ngeli xesha, nangoku kwaqhubeka Second World War, ngoko ke wacelwa ukuba ingumtshabalalisi, athumela Pacific Ocean.

Ngowe-1947 waba wonyuselwa umqhubi wabelwa butho kumathafa-kubabulali. Ngowe-1950 wangena uvavanyo kwisikolo elilingwayo. Emva kokugqiba uqeqesho, yena inxaxheba kwiimvavanyo bagxotha, kubandakanywa ucwaningo for ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yokugalela amafutha ezithuthi emoyeni. Kwisithuba seenyanga ezintlanu, lo cosmonaut elizayo yaba umyaleli ye pilot test.

Ngaphambi kokuba ngusomajukujuku, ndingumhambi moya iiyure ezingaphezu kwama-8,000, apho 3700 ziye olwenziwe moya jet.

career usomajukujuku

Usomajukujuku lokuqala American phakathi abaviwa ezisixhenxe zikhethwa NASA ngo-1959. Bona ukulungiselela inkqubo "Mercury". enomkhondo neempawu zakhe siqu kwenza kuye kuqala ukuba abameli eUnited States ukufikelela isithuba kwaye aphaphazele aye enyangeni.

indiza yakhe yokuqala eyenziwe ngo-1961. Olo hambo wayemfutshane, kodwa kudingeka kangaka-United States of America. Zamob philisi ngokuba "Inkululeko 7".

Kamva, oosomajukujuku ulungisiwe i understudy G. Cooper ngokuthunywa "Atlas 9". Ngowe-1963, ukuba wayefanele ukuya kwi "Atlas 10". Moya bekufanele ukuba kuchitha iintsuku ezintathu, kodwa irhoxisiwe. Emva koko, siya ukhetha usomajukujuku yokuqala enguvulindlela enqanaweni "Gemini". Ukuba uqale ukuzilolonga, lwakhe axilongwe, ngenxa apho kwafunyaniswa ngesifo indlebe, ephazamisa imisebenzi apparatus vestibular. Ngenxa isifo Meniere xa yena umiswe bangantingeli iminyaka embalwa.

Ukuze ukubuyela ukulungiselela moya, ndingumhambi kwafuneka ukuba utyando kwi indlebe kwisisu. Kwaba yimpumelelo, kwaye oosomajukujuku babuyela emsebenzini esebenzayo.

Ekubeni sorokasemiletnim pilot, endala ngelo xesha, NASA usomajukujuku Alan wenza ubomi bakhe sesibini vaakelani va. Waye nomyali "Apollo 14" elimisiweyo. Wenza US ebufundisini wesithathu ngempumelelo ukuya enyangeni. Kwathi kwisithuba ukususela ngoJanuwari 31 ukuya ngoFebruwari 9, 1971.

"Mercury-Redstone" Alan Apha ndingumhambi

Ngokutsho inkqubo "Mercury" moya ka-Alan ndingumhambi waba sungula wokuqala ngempumelelo isiphekepheke swi. Waye sajika carrier irula "Redstone-3." Philisi ukuba simi ezinobude km 186 yaye bawela amanzi United States Atlantic etiphini. Le ndawo kwaba kumgama km 486 ukusuka loqalo lwencopho yokuqala.

Mu kuya kwa nshita moya Yuriya Gagarina, ngubani wakwazi ziyijikeleze komHlaba orbit, Meyi 5, 1961, Alan ndingumhambi yafikelela isithuba kuphela emva kokuchitha imizuzu kancinane ngaphezu ezilishumi elinesihlanu ibhabha. Waba ngumntu wesibini kweli hlabathi lifikelele obude ezinjalo.

imigomo flight

Eyona njongo iphambili US wayeza ukufumana phambili ukuhlolwa kwamanye amazwe, ingakumbi eSoviet Union. inkqubo "Mercury" ibandakanya ukuphunyezwa ngenjongo ethile. Kwaphumelela ukusungulwa kwenkqubo, "Mercury-Redstone 3", apho ngumhambi yaba.

Eyona njongo yale ngokusaba;

• amava Ukulungiselela swi iziphekepheke ngexesha sungula, moya enikwe, imeko ikhaphukhaphu, nokungenisa umoya kunye kokwehla.
• Ukuvavanywa amathuba pilot olawulayo iziphekepheke, unxibelelwano ilizwi ngexesha ibhabha.
• Uphononongo impendulo yabantu vaakelani va ikakhulu nokomzimba.
• Amathuba igqampe ngusomajukujuku kunye baxhomekeka.

Ubomi lokwenza inkonzo ngusomajukujuku emva kokuphumelela

Ekupheleni lomsebenzi ephaphazelayo, uAlan ngumhambi, engobomi zigazi kuqwalaselwa kweli nqaku, inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yasekuhlaleni. Ngowe-1971 waba komthunywa UN kwiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. Kwangaxeshanye, wafumana ubugqirha zenzululwazi zendalo kunye noluntu.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, kunye iintatheli ezimbini, le usomajukujuku odumileyo ishicilele incwadi "Flight eNyangeni." Kwingcaciso yakhe ngoko nangoko wadala series kamabonakude.

Apha ndingumhambi wafa 21.07.1998 eneminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe anesihlanu. Unobangela yokufa ke bolulelwa ukugula - wegazi. kweeveki ezintlanu kamva wafa, kunye nomfazi wakhe noLouise. izidumbu zabo zathi sitshisiwe kwaye uthuthu saa elwandle.

iinyani ezinika umdla malunga usomajukujuku kunye flight

Le projekthi, apho yazinyaswa yi Alan, yathiywa igama "Mercury". Igama lwakhethwa imbeko isidalwa laseRoma wentsomi, ungumthunywa woothixo kunye umxhasi zorhwebo. E Washington, igama projekthi esamkelwa 12.10.1958 ngonyaka.

abaviwa ezikhethelwe vaakelani va kubizwa oosomajukujuku. Igama ezikhethwe mfanekiso kunye Argonauts kwiintsomi zamaGrike mikhombe ukuba "Golden seboyeni" kunye aeronaut, ie balloonists.

Phambi kokuba moya, Alan wamiselwa ukutya engqongqo. Yena walungisa umpheki lobuqu. Umzekelo, sakusasa yayiquka juice orange, semolina, amaqanda, jam istrawberry kunye nekofu kunye neswekile. Uluhlu izitya ohlukahlukeneyo. Chef elinye olungiselela ekhonza ukuba ngusomajukujuku, yaye ngemini yesibini bagcinwa efrijini xa iingxaki ukongeza kwi lokugaya.

Ngenye imini phambi ukubhabha coffee kwi menu isusiwe ngenxa ukusebenza kwayo umchamo umdla.

Phambi kokuqala usomajukujuku wathi kum: "Musa ujije it up, ndingumhambi." Amajelo wongeze isuntswana kuyo, ukukhankanya ilizwi likaThixo. efana "umthandazo" wathetha ngabaqhubi ezininzi ukusuka ngoku.

Umqhubi ibekwe kwi philisi isithuthi iiyure ezi-5 imizuzu eli-15, kodwa ukubaleka iiyure nje ezimbini ezinesiqingatha. Izizathu zokulibaziseka baba uerha zobugcisa, babonakala lisibekele, ngenxa ukuba akayi kufumana imifanekiso ezilungileyo Umhlaba evela emajukujukwini. Zamob ngo iiyure 9 kunye nemizuzu 34. Naye wabona ababukeli million 45 eUnited States.

Imizamo yokuqala ukufikelela yonke kuye bekungasoloko yimpumelelo. Nika zonke iinkcukacha kunzima kakhulu. Ngoko ke, NASA, ngokukhetha abagqatswa ifanelekileyo indiza, akazange acinge iimfuno zabo eqhelekileyo nokomzimba. Oko kukuthi, kwi kwisiphekepheke ayikwazanga azikhulule. Ngenxa yoku, ndingumhambi kwafuneka enze oko isuti ngexesha esemoyeni.