YaMandulo China: njengeyabo. Le ezisungulwe kakhulu nebalulekileyo Chinese

In market namhlanje kunzima ukufumana iimveliso hayi ezenziwa e-China. Phantse yonke into sisebenzisa, wenze e China. Apha kwaye ngabafakwa uviko kutshiphu kakhulu kwamanye amazwe, yaye abantu ukuza kukuthi, yintoni akukho namnye unako ukuyenza. Ezi zokudlala engcono kakhulu ethandwa Ezinyukayo kunye Chinese, zombane ezintsha nendlu, kwakhona, wazalelwa China. Ngokufutshane, nkqu elidlulileyo enzulwini, urhulumente wayesaziwa nje impumelelo yayo zobugcisa kunye nezinye. Ezeza nezi China yamandulo yaba sisiseko yemveliso mihla waba kwase abaninzi ezaziwayo-kakuhle namhlanje, izinto kubo bonke.

lemveli porcelain

Products ukusuka china kuthakazelelwa kakhulu ehlabathini lonke. Yiba ekhaya loo izitya - oko kuthetha ukuba ubonise abanye ekhuhlangubeni lakho lihle. izinto ezinjalo bayaziswa umgangatho wabo achazayo kunye nobuhle obumangalisayo. Liguqulwe lithatyathwa kwigama wasePersi "porcelain" lithetha "ukumkani". Kwaye kunjalo. Kwinkulungwane XIII kwi porcelain baseYurophu China i ixabiso engakholelekiyo. Umntu nempembelelo zabo zobuncwane agcinwe iisampuli Ubuciko bokusebenzisa Chinese, yenziwe kwisakhelo wegolide. Yaye abahlali Iran kunye India baye baqinisekiswa ukuba China sinikezwe amathuba zobugqi, ukuba ukutya ukutyibilika ityhefu, uya ukutshintsha umbala wayo. Ngenxa yoko, wayila edumileyo, enziwe China yamandulo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ndiyaqikelela, china.

Xa BC nkulungwane yesibini. e. (Tang period) livela iiseramikhi, oxabiso yezembali bezobugcisa. Ekuhambeni kwexesha yavela protofarfor ngokungabi obunje uphawu elubala. Kodwa ke Chinese bakholelwa lento porcelain lokwenyaniso, lo gama abahlalutyi Western attribute ukuba ubunzima eweni.

China yamandulo (kusungulwa enye ithi zindala wenza kwaye zisabangela eninzi inzala) usinike ihlabathi a real matte porcelain emhlophe. Ekuqaleni kuka VII kwenkulungwane, potters ukusuka eTshayina wafunda ukuvelisa indlela porcelain mass ngokuxuba kaolin, feldspar kunye dust. Ebudeni bolawulo ubukhosi Song apho nokugqama kwemveliso Chinese yodongwe.

Imbonakalo yentsimbi

Sele kwinkulungwane IV. BC. e. e China kwakusaziwa ukuba iteknoloji zentsimbi kunyityilikiswa. Kwangaxesha nye, okanye mhlawumbi ngaphambili, i-Chinese baye baqalisa ukusebenzisa amalahle, elibonelela lobushushu eliphezulu njenge isibaso. Kungenxa kule meko, njengoko China yamandulo (impumelelo nezi zichazwe kwinqaku lethu), le ndlela ilandelayo ukuvelisa ihagu intsimbi yaphuhliswa: kwi kwembiza ephuphumayo yokunyibilikisa, njengesilinda umbhobho, watshisa izitha bavela intsimbi ekrwada. Sami umthamo obkladyvali amalahle eKapa kuyo. Le iteknoloji iye yaqinisekisa ukungabikho nesalfure.

Siphose intsimbi esetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iintshengece, zokutshweza, amakhuba ngenxa namakhuba, namazembe kunye nezinye izixhobo. Le nto ayizange eya, kunye nokuveliswa zokudlala. Ngenxa ubuchwepheshe yayo intsimbi lokunyibilikisa, neengcedevu uphose yaseTshayina neebhekile ngeendonga mncane kakhulu.

Kunzulu, nzulu

Kwimeko enjalo, ezifana China yamandulo, impumelelo kunye izinto ezo ezisetyenziswa kule mini, waye wasungula indlela kusombiwa enzonzobila. Oku kwenzeka kwinkulungwane yokuqala BC. Nyuka indlela wenza kube lula ukuba ukubaqhelisa imingxunya emhlabeni, ubunzulu ibide enye enesiqingatha amawaka leemitha. Ukugrumba rigs, esetyenziswa namhlanje, usebenza ofanayo umgaqo nolo luveliswe Chinese amandulo. Ke kaloku ngaloo mihla ende kukhuselwe isixhobo ifikelela 60 ubude. Abasebenzi phakathi kwintsimi eziyimfuneko zokwalathisa isixhobo ngamatye elibhalwe ngokuqhelekileyo ezinemingxuma. Namhlanje, ngenxa yale njongo kwimibhobho sikhokelo zisetyenziswa.

Emva koko, usebenzisa intambo eyenziwe benemfuyo bamboo ethwele nezakhiwo, inkosi baphakamise rhoqo kwaye sehlise drill yentsimbi. Oku kwenziwa ukuze kude de ifikelela kubunzulu efunekayo, apho kukho umaleko yerhasi yendalo. emva kwakhe kusetyenziswa amafutha ekuvelisweni yetyuwa.

Ukuya ngasentla okanye ukuya ngasempumalanga

Ayikwazi uluhlu olude lwe wayila of China yamandulo. Compass Kubalulekile ukuphawula zokuqala ezintlanu zabo. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, amaTshayina ziyayazi ubukho umazibuthe wakhe. In Isigaba III. BC. e. abemi kuMbindi yoBukumkani, oko kwazeka ukuba unako kutsala sisinyithi. Njengoko kusasa baza baqonda ukuba le nto iyakwazi ukubonisa ukuba belijonge ngaphi na elasezantsi entla. Wavele, ngexesha nye kwemoto kunye ikhampasi lokuqala. Noko ke, ngoko ke wakhangela ngathi ngecephe nosiba sintyumpantyumpeka axis bayo kwexesha ze zabekwa kumbindi isixhobo, efana ukuya kuma ngomthi okanye ubhedu. A ungumqobo kwi izixhobo kuthetha icala ukukhanya. Ngecephe rhoqo walatha ngasemzantsi. Loo isixhobo ngokuba "icephe, elawula ihlabathi."

Ngenkulungwane XI yaqala endaweni usebenzisa umazibuthe Chinese intsimbi magnetized okanye intsimbi. Ngeli xesha, zithandwa kakhulu yaye ikhampasi amanzi. China yamandulo, wayila okunene ezizodwa kunye Akumangalisi, - yimeko apho isixhobo eso kusetyenziswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Xa isitya ngamanzi kwehliswa inaliti ngentsimbi magnetized. Kuye kwenziwa ngohlobo iintlanzi yaye ifikelela iisentimitha ezintandathu ubude. intloko figure esalatha nje ukuya ezantsi. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, intlanzi wanikezela ukuguqulwa yaye ube ikhampasi inaliti eqhelekileyo.

stirrups

abantu Horse-ekhwele ndiqalile inxaxheba kwixesha lakudala. Kangangexesha elide baya zikhwele emahasheni ngaphandle footrest. Le stirrups azizange owayebizwa okanye amaBhabhiloni okanye bamaMedi, okanye amaGrike nezinye iintlanga zamandulo okanye. Xa uqhuba abantu ngokukhawuleza kwafuneka sinamathele isingci zehashe, khon 'ukuze bawe. Kodwa izinto ezinkulu China bamandulo ungambathi isihloko ophambili enjalo, ukuba kambe akazange bafanelwe. Ngenkulungwane III Chinese wasungula ukuthintela ukuphazamiseka ezinjalo. Ngelo xesha, babesithi metallurgists ngeyona abanetalente, yaye ngoko bephosa i stirrups baqalisa ukusebenzisa sisinyithi nobhedu. Ngelishwa, engafakwanga igama lomntu ceba le nto. Kodwa China baye bafunda ukuba ayikhuphe stirrups ngenkcenkce, kwaye imilo ogqibeleleyo.

Ukuba kwakungekho iphepha

China yamandulo, wayila apho bafanelwe intlonelo, wavula kwixesha elitsha kuphuhliso le ncwadi. I-Chinese likwazile ukuba zizakhele iphepha kunye noshicilelo. Iitekisi ezininzi yamandulo obhalwe asusela kunyaka 3200, uhlobo BC. e. Ngexesha amakhosi ezintandathu kuMbindi yoBukumkani yafunyanwa iselangeni. itekisi kuqala kunkqonkqoza ilitye, waza wenza zayichukumisa ephepheni. Xa VIII BC, endaweni ilitye baqala ukusebenzisa iphepha. Ngoko ke, nokukrola anemifanekiso.

Ngokutsho legend, Umsunguli iphepha waba Cai Lun - umkhonzi kwabafazi komlawuli. Wayephila ngexesha eMpuma Han Dynasty. Imithombo yembali ichaze ukuba iphepha ukwenza Cai wasebenzisa ixolo zemithi, iminatha yokuloba kunye amadlavu. Oku apha kukudala umthumeli linikwa * kuKhesare. Ekubeni iphepha ngokuqinileyo ebomini boluntu kwaye iye yaba lophawu ebalulekileyo yobukho bayo.

silk Chinese

Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, amazwe Western wayesazi China kuphela njengomvelisi isilika. Xa kudala kakhulu, abemi uBukhosi Iinkwenkwezi balihlutha iimfihlelo yokwenza lo mbandela emangalisayo. Si Lin, umlawuli, yaba yinqakwe Huang Di, wafundisa amantombazana IsiTshayina ikhula silkworms, processing isilika nokuluka ngemisonto ifunyenwe mbandela.

Ukusungulwa idumileyo

A Uluhlu osihloko sithi "Inventions of abahlali China yaMandulo 'abuyonto ngaphandle ukukhankanywa into enjalo, ngathi kwazo. Nkqu kwiinkulungwane zokuqala abenzi bamachiza AD ukusuka eTshayina wafunda ukufumana umxube sulphur kunye nitrate, leyo kunye amalahle sisiseko indlela imichiza powder. Le eyaba lalihamba isigqebelo. Kwaye sonke ngoba Chinese izama ukufumana into ngalo wona lula ukufezekisa ukungafi. Endaweni yoko, ukuba udale into wawurhola uThixo umphefumlo.

Kokwenziwa yasetyenziswa actuate iingalo kunye iinjongo zasekhaya. Kaloku, imfazwe icacile, kodwa yintoni ngokonwaba? Yintoni kusetyenziswe into enjalo eziyingozi? Kubonakala ukuba xa kwenzeke yiMad okanye izifo (nobhubhane), kokwenziwa wadlala indima zintsholongwane. Powder ngayo ezininzi izilonda namanxeba emzimbeni. Kwakhona othathe izinambuzane.

ezintsha nje ezimbalwa

Yamandulo China (fyabo ezichazwe ngasentla), luyagwagwisa nezinye iindawo ezininzi. Umzekelo, ukuba abemi yakuMbindi zoBukumkani kwemoto iifireworks, ngaphandle apho namhlanje ayilwamkeli isiganeko esinye esikhulu. Seismoscope yokuqala ukuvela e-China yamandulo. Bathandwa yi tea gourmets abaninzi bafunda ukuba bakhule bapheke lizwe ngayo. Kwabonakala crossbow, iwotshi ngomatshini, ihashe nezikrweqe, ikhuba intsimbi kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi luncedo.