Yintoni uxolo eyahlukileyo? Brest-Litovsk kunye Basel World

A uxolo eyahlukileyo - isivumelwano phakathi kwamazwe amabini, kwimo yemfazwe, nto leyo ke yenza emfihlekweni kwaye ngaphandle kwenxaxheba okanye ngokuchasene iminqweno namahlakani ayo okanye amalungu manyano, abameli eziphantsi kwabo.

izibonelo

Ngethuba lokuqhutywa joint umzabalazo nxamnye notshaba oqhelekileyo amalungu oluntu ezinjalo kaninzi ukwenza ukuba ukugqiba izivumelwano efanayo kunye naye. Ngoko ke, ebudeni Second World War, 26 kwamazwe angamalungu lombutho anti-Hitler, wasayina Declaration of the weZizwe eziManyeneyo, ngako oko ke banelungelo ukugqiba isivumelwano soxolo neentshaba. Umzekelo efana nale kuthathwa nesivumelwano ye-USSR kunye United Kingdom.

A uxolo eyodwa iqukumbele phakathi eYiputa amaSirayeli 1979, ngoxa amanye amazwe Arab baba ngamandla nxamnye izivumelwano ezinjalo.

IMVELAPHI Brest uxolo

Intlanganiso yokuqala ngomhla wokutyikitywa isivumelwano soxolo phakathi Russia kunye iJamani lwaqhutywa Brest-Litovsk ngo-1917. Le igqiza eSoviet ecetywayo ukwenza uxwebhu eyayiza kuba lungqinelane ngokupheleleyo kunye ingcamango yoxolo jikelele lwentando yesininzi. Germany siphakamiso onjalo akazange ivumelane, ekubeni izithili emkhosini akazange afune ukuba ziphambuke kwiminqweno yakho zifake intsimi utshaba, nelenyuse kuphela ngexesha thethwano.

A uxolo hlukanisa eJamani, ngokweemfuno ze-abameli lwamaNazi, ngaphandle kweemeko ezingqongqo ebekwe yi-Russia. abulawe wabo wanikwa iiyure 48 kuphela. Ngaxeshanye isaziso amabango ayo omkhosi Austria-German lasungula ekhubekisayo kuwo onke amanqanaba, basabisa ukuba bawuzame Petrograd. abameli Soviet nyanzelekile ukwamkela yonke imiqathango ebekwa utshaba, njengoko babemise akutshintsho. Umkhosi ubudala akazange avume ukuya kulwa notshaba, waza abatyhafileyo ngokucacileyo, enye, Abasebenzi kunye Abalimi elitsha, waba kwibakala okuqala ukubunjwa.

kusayinwa

Ngaphandle kuthathelwe ingqalelo efanelekileyo kwesi sivumelwano, i-Ekhohlo amaKomanisi kwaye Socialist-njengabalweli benguqu epheleleyo, ayendityhola urhulumente ngokungcatsha yamaBolshevik revolution kunye yobumenemene izilangazelelo, noxolo eyahlukileyo phakathi eRashiya kunye iJamani esatyikitywa ngoMatshi 1918, ngexesha le IV Extraordinary Congress of qumrhu.

Ukufana le mvano ayizange ihlale ixesha elide. Kanye e Germany Novemba revolution kwenzeka, kwaye ilizwe kweManyano yesine wawoyisa iiBolsheviks bagqiba ukurhoxisa isivumelwano uxolo unilaterally.

Basel umhlaba

Ngowe-1795, kwisixeko Basel, eFransi, oko satyikitywa izivumelwano nje ezimbini uxolo: omnye - on 5 Epreli, Prussia, okwesibini - Julayi 22 Spain. Eyona nto ifunekayo ukuze nokudalwa iimvumelwano ezinjalo yaba kukuba iRussia sele iqalile ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo indawo kwamazwe aseYurophu. Ngaloo ndlela, Prussia kwakungasekho inxalenye ePoland, kunye nokumkani wayo walile ukuba ahlale ilungu imbumba, nto leyo esiphikisana yi-French Republic. Ukongeza, akazange afune ukuba zenze imfazwe phezu kwakhe yaye ukulungele ukuxhasa zonke izikhulu States ezibe nabo kulo mbandela.

A uxolo hlukanisa Prussia izityholo ukwala ukumkani zareynskih Prussia evela nezinto zabo, yena yavuma Republic French. Ukongeza, Prussia wayeza kufumana imali, ukuba ibhanki lasekhohlo iRhine umlambo ekhululekile.

isiphelo

uxolo ezahlukileyo zesini kuthathwa njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo igalelo yabaneziphumo ezihle zemfazwe ukuba zombini ithi alwayo. Ukuqukumbela izivumelwano ezinjalo anokusindisa ubomi obuninzi kunye nokuqinisekisa ukhuselo lwesidima kwamazwe ngemvume kuwo.