Uguquko Military Paul 1

Utshintsho uPawulos 1 (1796-1801) efunyenwe mbali zinokuphikiswa. Isizathu siyifumana ukudideka kunye kuphikisana lo mfanekiso zengqondo soMhlekazi. Ngokwemvelo kakhulu umntu ofanelekileyo oye wafumana imfundo elungileyo, noPawulos ndiyamazi, waba ngumlawuli, waziphatha ndini ibhuqiwe ukuba ukulaya wakhe unina ezindlebeni zaqina. Eneneni, kungekudala walahlekelwa uyise (Peter III), kwaye isizathu orhanela unina inxaxheba ekufeni kwakhe. Unina, naye, ubuhlobo alizange lisebenze ilungelo kude - unyana ka uCatherine II sathathwa ngoko nangoko emva kokuzalwa, i uPawulos omncinane kunye nomama wakhe phantse akazange ukunxibelelana. Catherine yena akazange siyamthanda yaye ayegqalwa amandla okhuphisana ukuya etroneni.

Ngenxa yoko, uMlawuli uPawulos 1 wenza konke okusemandleni ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente ukwakha malunga ngqo ngokunxulumene yokuba kukho ngexesha uCatherine. Wakwazi ukuphelisa ezinye i 'ukuzinkcinkca "obenziwe uKumkanikazi, kodwa ngenxa kwakhe endaweni ngokubanika eyabo, ngokufuthi ngakumbi kunabo. iinguqu ezinkulu uPawulos 1 iya kunikelwa ingqalelo yakho kweli nqaku.

Ideas ngomlinganiselo omkhulu

UPawulos ngokucacileyo Andizange alindele ukuba ulawulo lwakhe luya kuhlala iminyaka-4 kuphela ubudala (ngexesha Ukuvuma itrone yena 42 - ubudala ngelo xesha into eqinileyo, kodwa aphile kwaye baphile). Ngoko nangoko wathabatha up a lot of iiprojekthi, yaye abanye babo beza xiya.

Ixabiso eliphezulu ukumkani wabanika amandla akhe kwaye nokomeleza amabutho zelizwe (iikhonsepthi azikho ncam kodwa ezinxulumene). Ngoko ke, eyona ngenkuthalo nokunyanzelisa ukuphumeza utshintsho zomkhosi Paul 1 (ngokufutshane ngayo iza kuxutyushwa kwinqaku), ogama ideology inemvelaphi izithethe Prussia (malunga lixesha ngelo xesha). Kodwa kwakukho eninzi ezintsha luncedo: ukutshintsha iimfuno amagosa, ukwandisa amalungelo amajoni, kukho iintlobo ezintsha-mkhosi, ukuphuculwa uqeqesho kwezinye iindawo (ingakumbi, i kohola zomkhosi).

Ukuqinisa abasemagunyeni kufuneka kuqala zonke yayikukukhuthaza umthetho entsha yokulandelelana etroneni, akuba ewubhangisile, eyasekwa yi uPetros I benza isigqibo umlawuli self-amukeleke ngumviwa ezihlangwini. Kwakhona kunciphisa kakhulu isixa amalungelo yezikhulu, waqinisa umbuso ingenalo novelwano. Ukuphucula ulawulo zaye zandiswa iirhuluneli amalungelo, kunciphise inani amaphondo, wayibuyisela ezikholejini uyekwe ngaphambili.

UPawulos kakhulu ukoyika babhukuqwa ebhotwe neziphithiphithi, ndifunzele ukuya kulwa "isiphendu", ukungenisa imithetho iyonke. Khangela phantsi nkqu amanqaku zomculo.

Kulo mzekelo, ukuba uCatherine II "umama" yezikhulu, uPawulos ndizama ukubeka ngokwalo ngokuthi "utata wesizwe." Wacela utshintsho abathile kwisikhundla yamafama. Noko ke, ukuqonda umlimi umlawuli original "elungileyo" - umzekelo, kukholelwa ukuba nqaba ibe ngcono kakhulu free.

UPawulos imeko efanelekileyo imithetho kunye nengqeqesho ingundoqo (kwisiqalo of ukungakhathali yemveli Russian ngumnqweno nomtsalane ngakumbi kunokuba ucinga). Wafunda lo mbono evela amaJamani (yaye abazange babone nayiphi bethana kule, nangona kuthiywa ngunina, Catherine, waye umfazi waseJamani zohlobo!).

Itrone ngokomthetho

Utshintsho zoludwe kwitrone uPawulos 1 wayengomnye izigqibo yakhe yokuqala emva kokuba Ukuvuma etroneni. Umthetho omtsha iyarhoxiswa ummiselo Petrine ngawo savela elilawulayo abanalo ilungelo ukhethe ngokuzimeleyo ozothatha. Ngoku kufuneka ilifa ngokuyimfuneko unyana endala; engekho wayo - umzalwana iphezulu bezikhundla okanye umlawuli Umtshana umgca eyindoda; abesifazane bamkelwe itrone kuphela xa ingekho zabaviwa abangamadoda.

Iyaqondakala into yokuba uPawulos ngaloo uphephe imeko apho yena wazifumana - waziva kwakufuneka ilifa uyise nangoko emva kokufa kwakhe, endaweni yokulinda engama-34 ubudala, lo gama imithetho nonina. Kodwa isiphelo maxa wambi uyakuthanda yokuhlekisa ububi. Emva kokufa uPawulos kwetrone watshintshelwa ngokuhambelana ngqongqo umthetho, unyana wakhe omkhulu, Alexander (ngasendleleni, uCatherine wayemthanda umzukulwana, kwaye sivana kakuhle kunye nomakhulu wakhe). Yiloo kuphela naslednichek esemthethweni phambi kokuba "wanika ukhanyo 'ukuba ngokuzikhama daddy ...

Ngokuchasene inkululeko yezikhulu

Utshintsho yezikhulu 1 UPawulos zazijoliswe nokunqanda Ngokuzithandela kwabo. unina amaqabane (phakathi kwabo kwakukho sycophants amaqhinga kunye embezzlers, kodwa kwakukho eninzi anekhono kakhulu, esifanelwe abantu) uZingqi lukho onke karhulumente, ukuba ngoko nangoko lunqunyanyisiwe. Kodwa ke ngaxeshanye, "moya" ezintsha zonke UCatherine kaThixo "inkululeko yezikhulu."

UPawulos irhoxisiwe umthetho ekwenzeni inkonzo yeengcungcu emkhosini yokuzikhethela. iholide ixesha elide (ukuba ubuninzi iintsuku ezingama-30 ngonyaka) ziye zavalwa. Nabanumzana akwazi ukuhamba ukusuka emkhosini ukuya nabantu kwi yabo - efunekayo imvume Ubuncinane kwirhuluneli. Akuvumelekile ukuba isikhalazo ngoko nangoko umlawuli - kuphela kubalawuli efanayo.

Kwaye yiloo nto yonke - nabanumzana sanyanzeleka ukuba ahlawule irhafu, kwaye kwezinye iimeko ukuba isicelo kubo isohlwayo sokubetha!

Phantsi nge greenhorns iindwalutho

Ngelo xesha linye izigqibo bayiyeka Paul I nokubonakalaliswa angcolileyo le "amalungelo" ezithile. Ke kaloku nene nako nje inani inkonzo - ke kuyimfuneko ngokwenene ukuthwala. Butho uphumile zonke "greenhorns 'nengqondo, apho kwakubhalwe kwi zikhundla igosa non-athunywe kwasekuzalweni (funda" Ntombi Yomphathi "Ndiyazi ukuba Petrusha Grinev sabhalwa kwi Guards phoyisa, ngaphambi kokuba azalwe kwaye isiqalo ibali liye' ixesha-aphelelwe" ku ikhomishini - oku akukho ubaxo). eNdlu yeeNgwevu Abanye ukususela Catherine abangazange baye kuyo iNdlu Yeengwevu - uPawulos wayeka.

izifundo ezitsha

Ngelo xesha uPawulos ukuba akhuphe imimiselo ukuba ababephila ezibonwe concessions elibalulekileyo zaba balimi. A intwasahlobo zohlaziyo yamahlwempu ezayo yayigqalwa ngokomyalelo kakumkani entsha enqabeni bamzisa isifungo (ngaphambili kubo benza loo mhlaba).

Ngaphezu koko, ngo-1797, uPawulos wakhupha Manifesto bengavumi yabasebenzi kuzo ngeeCawe kunye nemihla leeholide zonqulo.

Kwakhona badumileyo phakathi nezigqibo zezopolitiko domestic obuxhasa ukupheliswa zamafama okuziinkozo iquka irhafu (ukuba indawo intlawulo yemali eziinkozo fixed) kunye isohlwayo sokubetha abantu abadala (nangona iminyaka amafama kwama-70 kulo lonke hayi njalo). Kwakhona, umsebenzi wavulwa kwifayile izikhalazo nxamnye inkohlakalo le abaqeshisi kunye ukunyanzelisa miqobo intengiso abalimi ngaphandle elizweni.

Strange "ukuchuma"

Kodwa uhlobo ziphikisana uPawulos ngokucacileyo kakhulu ibonakala umbuzo umlimi. Ukumkani ngokuphindaphindiweyo wathi yena ukholelwa amafama ikakhulu ilifa kweli lizwe, kodwa yena a iklasi ... ngokubonakalayo wanika ubunini kwezinye ngamafa. Ukuba uPawulos ngokusesikweni wayevunyelwa ukuba athenge abalimi nedvoryanam (abarhwebi bathenga ngamakhoboka ukusebenza mveliso), yaye akazange uqaphele ukuba esi sigqibo kuchasene umthetho wokuvalwa ukuthengisa ngaphandle komhlaba.

Ukumkani ngokubanzi babekholelwa ukuba abalimi mihlaba amalungiselelo "inkedama" ngcono kurhulumente. Ngenxa yoko, omnye nemimiselo yakhe yokuqala (in December 1796) adlulisela serfdom kwilizwe kude kube sesisa Don Cossacks kunye Russia Entsha. Kule minyaka 4 wobukumkani bakhe, uPawulos wenza 600 lamawaka ngamakhoboka. Abalimi State. Unina eyakhiwe lokusasaza amawaka 840., kodwa ukuba kwathabatha iminyaka 34 nokuba krepostnitsey yakhe iziqu enogonyamelo.

Ezinye iingcali lubonisa ukuba luthathele ingqalelo ukuba umthetho 1797 wavalwa serfdom kuphela ngeCawa, kodwa kuphela ixesha imihla yayo-3 ngeveki. Ayikho into enjengale - nto ithi imihla kuphela 6 ngokwaneleyo ngumlimi kwaye uye wasebenza ndawo, nabo ngokwabo.

Kufuneka ube ukuze

Ukongeza kumbuzo yamahlwempu kulo kwezopolitiko domestic uPawulos wayenomdla ingxaki ulawulo olusebenzayo "ukhuseleko lwesizwe." In kuphuculo lolawulo amagunya uPawulos 1 iirhuluneli landile (njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla), kwaye ngexesha elinye kwanciphisa inani amaphondo (50 to 41). UPawulos ngaphinde ezinye oogxa bam, owakubhangisayo okunene ngaphambili. Assembly yePhondo yezikhulu ezilahlekileyo inxalenye amandla abo zolawulo (bafudukela kwiirhuluneli). Ngelo xesha linye kuye labuyiselwa amalungelo self-government kwezinye iingingqi bukhosi (ingakumbi Ukraine). Akubanga Inkululeko epheleleyo, kodwa ke izakhono ezi mimandla kwimiba zabo isixhobo isigqibo ezimeleyo anda.

бюрократия очень укрепилась (хотя он всегда говорил, что с нею борется). yasekhaya ngokutsha 1 Umgaqo kaPawulos kwakhokelela ekubeni kukhal yomelezwa kakhulu (nangona wayesoloko wathi uyawalwela naye). Kungelo xesha kwakukho iimpahla ezahlukeneyo nemithetho yesebe.

iinguqu lwangaphakathi of Paul 1

UPawulos esoyika amayelenqe neziphithiphithi, kunye nokuphelisa "ukuvukela" wambeka lo msebenzi ebalulekileyo yomgaqo-nkqubo yangaphakathi. Noko ke, kungekudala emva kokuba namandla wasixolela inani 'inkathazo-abenzi "(kubandakanywa Radishcheva Kosciuszko), kodwa kuphela ukulaya umama - indawo yabo nesiphelo ngokukhawuleza kakhulu okuhlala ngamanye" Voltairiens ".

Ukuba uPawulos wothulelw nokudalwa uBukhosi of ukuhlola iyonke le Institute. Ukongeza, umlawuli wayezikhathalele kakhulu wabonakala yangaphandle intlonelo nentobeko. Xa ezinika yayo yonke kwafuneka ukuba iqubude (kubandakanywa ladies zobunene) kwaye ziyakazele iinwele zakhe. Ngamanye amaxesha noPawulos wabonisa zokubonisa ukuba violators yalo mgaqo (Pushkin wenza ukhankanye ukumkani wamkhalimela ngenxa nanny - akazange enze nto, kwanyanzeleka kuphela ukuba umntu athathe ikepusi wakhe inkwenkwe encinane). Kodwa ityala eyaziwa kwaye thumela ngekhonkco inenekazi owalupheleyo indala rheumatism - ayenzekanga kakuhle ukunqula ...

ngummiselo Prussia

Kodwa uninzi bonke abanomdla kwimicimbi zomkhosi uMlawuli uPawulos 1, yaye apha waba izicwangciso zibalaseleyo.

Kanye njengokuba indlalifa etroneni apho, enqabeni yakhe Gatchina UPawulos yena waqeqesha wabasiki yakhe, mushtruya phezu ngendlela Prussia. efanelekileyo lakhe (njengoyise, endleleni) waba Frederick II Prussia, kwaye Crown Prince ukuba awukhathazeki ukuba izimvo zalo (oqaqambe ngokwenene) yomphathi ngexesha ukulawula yakhe itrone onokuphanda kancinane. Yeyona imithetho esekwe kwi umkhosi Prussia amaxesha Friedrich, wagqiba ukuba athathe njengesiseko kuphuculo yomkhosi Russian.

Down Potemkin and Suvorov!

Abanye ababhali-mbali mihla bakholelwa ukuba kuphuculo zomkhosi wenze uPawulos 1 umkhosi Russian imibutho, ngobugcisa kwaye kuliwe-ukulungele. Ngako oko, bathi, oko ke wonditshitshisela of uNapoleon. Oku Ngokucacileyo akunjalo. Ukulwa-nebutho Russian wenza iinjengele nje era Catherine kaThixo - Suvorov, Rumyantsev, Potemkin, namajoni Russian phantsi ngokwemikhosi yabo omkhulu umyalelo nkqu wabaqoba Frederick efanayo. Kodwa le imbali UPawulos wazikhaba baphosa - awamthiya bonke abo eyayikhuthaza unina.

uqeqesho amajoni ngokwenene olwenziwe ngocoselelo. Kodwa endaweni yokuthatha uqeqesho Suvorov yokulwa yendalo kunye nomntu ezenziwe imiqobo kunye onencula baqalisa vyshagivaniya iiyure ezininzi emhlabeni ekundleni kunye nokusebenza iindlela umpu kwesithethe (into efana nale kungabonwa namhlanje kunye sicatshulwa wabasiki yesicelo, kodwa ebudeni bolawulo noPawulos, oko kwanyanzeleka ukujongana yonke impi).

Amajoni kwakhona enxibe corsets kunye emanqeni kwimali, iibhutsi emxinwa akumnandi kunye iiwigi olungumgubo kunye curls. Akukho mntu unomdla, ukuba iiyunifomu emxinwa niphele kubangelwa kukungabikho lomoya kunye nemfuneko ukubeka kwi efanelekileyo ifomu iinwele kunye nomgubo bengashiyanga ixesha ubuthongo. iiwigi Ixolo yomile (ukuba olungumgubo umgubo, kwaye ufumane intlama kukujaduka) ebangela uqaqanjelwa kunye neemeko ezinzima emdaka.

Kwakukho nezinye "Lento". Ngokomzekelo, uMlawuli uPawulos 1 ifuna ukuba ibutho ngamnye ezilikhulu halberdiers ...! De facto, oku kwakuthetha ukuba webutho, wabonakala babengamakhulu bengaxhobanga.

Nangona kunjalo, amagosa amaninzi abanamava kunye njengele besilwa kunye ezintsha ngaphandle amalungiselelo kwangaphambili. Ngoko ke, Suvorov ngexesha lephulo yakhe Italian ngokungqalileyo "awuboni 'ukuba amajoni akhe nje povybrasyvali zonke iindawo engamkelekanga iyunifomu, kwaye halberdier sivumele" izixhobo' babo ... ukuze iinkuni.

Not embi kangako

Kodwa simele sihlale injongo - le yotshintsho yomkhosi uPawulos 1 lwaba neempembelelo ezintle. Ingakumbi, ukuba uhlobo olutsha majoni adalwe - unxibelelwano (Courier Service) kunye neeyunithi engineering (Pionerny webutho). Kwikomkhulu, imibutho kagqirha College (ngoku - Military Medical Academy). Umlawuli abayinyamekelayo uqeqesho iimephu zomkhosi wadala amakhadi kweza-.

Eli joni baqala ukuhlala enqabeni, hayi quartered kumakhaya abantu - kwaye oku kwayiphelisa meko abakumgangatho ophakathi, kunye negalelo ekwandeni uqeqesho. Igama elithi yenkonzo kwamalungu sele iseke ngqo neminyaka engama-25 (kunokuba ngokungenammiselo okanye kude ukungafaneleki kwakhe). Soldier wayenelungelo lokuba ukushiya (iintsuku ezingama-28 ngonyaka) kwaye isikhalazo nxamnye izenzo ngokungekho abasemagunyeni.

Iyunifomu ngoku ukuba aye kule wokulondoloza imali, kwaye amagosa zokuthenga (njengokuba besinokutsho namhlanje, scheme urhwaphilizo aza). Igosa yaba linoxanduva ubomi kunye nokugcinwa amajoni ayo (ukuya kutshutshiso mthetho). Xa weenqanawa wenziwe technical kwakhona izixhobo-, yaye amanye irhoxisiwe isohlwayo kwesigele (umzekelo, umzobo phantsi isiqu).

Ekugqibeleni, iyunifomu angakhululeki yongezwe kwaye ezinye eziluncedo - kuqala uPawulos yaziswa kwi imilo impahla yomkhosi ebusika Russian. Kwakukho vests ezinoboya, beneengubo zamafu, overcoats. Unogada ubusika wavunyelwa ngokusemthethweni ukuba kuma ngumlindi beneengubo kunye neebhutsi (lo mthetho kwakusaqhubeka), kwaye kubonelelwa bonke ubuncwane eziyimfuneko.

Officers ukunganeliseki

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba baka ababulala koMlawuli noPawulos, kwakukho amagosa amaninzi. Bobabini izizathu intlonelo malouvazhitelnye ekunganelisekini. Lo kumkani kakhulu bathanda kakhulu ukufumana isiphoso namagosa, ingakumbi kwimiju- - nceda uxoxa ekundleni kwi ikhonkco, ku yintoni, ukuba kungakho into enjalo ngaphambili.

Ke amagosa amaninzi nyangatseka befuna umlawuli - ababa saba "ukukhanya" kwiziganeko zentlalo, kwaye ukuzibandakanya kunye namajoni. With ngokwenene amagosa kuyimfuneko ngokungqongqo ngenxa imeko kwiiyunithi zabo, ngaphandle ujonge wabanumzana, sempumelelo. Noko ke, evulekileyo phakathi amagosa ngexesha Pavlovian ekhohlo - ukumkani wayalela ekugxothweni onke amagosa nedvoryan zavala ngoku ukunika izintlu udidi nedvoryanskyh Unter.

Ngenxa yoko, yimiphumela ethandwa indlalifa enkulu, Alexander. Kakade ke, yena wayesazi ukuba kayise nangayiphi na indlela "ukweyisela" ntshunxa itrone. Alexander I ngokunyanisekileyo imali abo babemenzele iyelenqe - bezishumayela umbusi, waqala wathi: "Xa ndiza kuba yonke into ngokungathi ngumakhulu wam."

UMlawuli Paul 1 ayiyo enye kubalawuli enkulu, idinga intlonelo enkulu. Walawula elide, kwaye ngokwenene wobukumkani bakhe, wamzalela i yamanyala of despotism. Kodwa akukho sizathu ukuba ukubona utshintsho yaziswa yile kumkani ebomini yoluntu. Kwakhona baba, kwaye ukulungiswa Paul 1 (ngokufutshane malunga abo ozifundileyo kweli nqaku) badlale indima kuphuhliso ngakumbi kweli lizwe.