Ubomi kunye nenkcubeko pre-Mongol Rus (eminyaka 10-13)

Uphuhliso evumelanayo inkcubeko Old Russian waphazanyiswa i Mongol sokuhlasela phakathi kwenkulungwane XIII. Ngoko ke, ababhali-mbali kunye ezahlulwe ixesha lokuqala zazivelela yayo (IX-XIII cc.) Ukususela zonke ezilandelayo. ingxenye engenakususwa yenkcubeko yaba yindlela yobomi - yonke into bayirhawula ubomi ngemihla amalungu eziqhelekileyo yezikhulu kunye noluntu Mpuma Slavic.

bokwakha

Njengabo bonke amasiko kwangaphambili-Mongol Russia, ukwakha eli lizwe litshintshile kakhulu ukususela ukwamkelwa ubuKristu kunye Ukufikisa yesiko yaseByzantium mandulo. zokwakha ezihlala leMpuma nokuxubana ukususela kumaxesha amandulo kwakukho ooronta kunye log tile. Emantla, kummandla ehlathini baye basungula linembali ukuchwela.

izakhiwo Stone wavela ekupheleni X kwenkulungwane, xa ilizwe kwi uphakamiso- Prince Vladimir kwafika nabayili zamaGrike. Ezikhumbuzo ibalulekileyo yenkcubeko pre-Mongol Russia zakhiwa e Kiev - "unina izixeko Russian." Kulo nyaka 989 baqalisa nokwakhiwa isishumi ecaweni ilitye, eyaba yecawa, ebekwe ecaleni kwinkundla yenene.

Kamva yamandulo Russian ukwakhiwa twa omkhulu phezu kumazwe aseMpuma Slavic. Ngokomzekelo, kwinkulungwane XI kwi Novgorod Saint Sophia Cathedral yamiselwa - namhlanje nokutsala iphambili umzi. Kwakhona, le sakhiwo kucingwa ukuba ibandla endala eyakhiwe yi-nokuxubana alondolozwe kummandla Russia. Nozipho lakhe Cathedral naye e Kiev. An lesikhumbuzo ebalaseleyo zakhiwo liBandla of kuMoses kwi Nerl, kwakhiwa Vladimir ubulawuli ngo-XII leminyaka.

Iinqaba ngokufuthi amelwe iindonga zesixeko, ndawonye ukusuka kwiplanga (njengoko zazibizwa Gorodnitsa). Mntanam waseka iqonga ekampini kunye nasezimfanteni apho kwenziwa wayedubula utshaba. iinqaba ezongezelelweyo baba iinqaba (Vezha). iidolophu ezinkulu zenziwa yeendonga yangaphandle, kwinqaba iShushan kunye inqaba embilwini. Iindonga zeengqukuva njengenkosana zazakhiwe ngamatye. Ngaphandle namadlelo banabileyo apho luhlala amagcisa kunye nabanye abantu abaqhelekileyo.

yokudweba

Ngenxa yempembelelo Orthodox inkcubeko yaseByzantium ye pre-Mongol Rus alusincedanga nje isiko yokwakha amatye iitempile, kodwa kwakhona iindlela ezintsha ukupeyinta. iintlobo ezifana ngomfanekiso, amibala kunye icons zibe yinxalenye yobomi Eastern nokuxubana. Xa ukupeyinta, impembelelo isiGrike zomelele ngaphezu bokwakha, nto leyo esele ngexesha elifutshane kwakukho ngesimbo yantlandlolo endala Russian. Oku kungenxa yokuba, umzekelo apho, waye iconography engqongqo yamaKristu ncwadi, ukusuka apho inkosi zange ahambe kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela.

Ngaphandle ukupeyinta zonqulo nezehlabathi khona. Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi olu hlobo baba imizobo adalwe kweenqaba eSt uSophia. Imizobo ebonisa intsapho Grand Prince Yaroslav Izazi, izicaphulo kubomi bemihla kumkani, iintaka fantastic kunye nezilo. Ukuze amaxesha zethu wasinda icon ezininzi sidalwe Vladimir-Suzdal ngenkulungwane XII. Ezi ezenziwe ayikwazanga kuba ngcono ukubonisa yintoni inkcubeko kwixesha Russia pre-Mongol. Enye lesikhumbuzo elikhethekileyo ngomfanekiso aphakathi yi nokutsala aphambili isonto, liveza izigcawu uMgwebo Last.

Iminyaka yobudala legolide nenkcubeko kwangaphambili-Mongol Russia bobabo kwinkulungwane XII, xa ukuqhekezwa feudal single lokuqala eli lizwe yaba unobangela 'izikolo' ommandla kwiinkalo ezininzi msebenzi ngobuchule. Nabachatshazelwa yi lo mkhwa nobugcisa. Umzekelo, kwi-Novgorod Church of kuMsindisi kwi Nereditsa yayiyilwe imizobo, kuxhotyiswa ngomoya ekhethekileyo emnyama kunye ngqwabalala. Nezibalo archangels esibi kunye nemifanekiso yabangcwele musa ukukhangela nayiphi na isampuli yokudweba yamandulo Russian.

umculo

Umculo - oku uhlobo olunye zobugcisa, ebonisa ngokucacileyo yayiyintoni kwimbali nenkcubeko Russia yamandulo. Pre-Mongol isithuba ekhohlo kakhulu ubungqina malunga nokukhethwa ingoma nokuxubana wasempuma. Umculo luphawulwa nenyani yokuba iye soloko ikhona into alohlukaniswa ebomini njengoko aziingangamsha kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo. imibhiyozo Iintsapho, "isiqhazolo" akukho thaca ngaphandle iingoma, ukudanisa nokudlala izixhobo. imisebenzi Folk bahluke kakhulu kwindalo. Yaba lo prichety lomtshato umdlalo spring owuthandayo, ukhala ngenxa izalamane abafileyo.

Uninzi bantsebenzo abaneziphiwo baba iimvumi abaziingcali. Iimvumi luvo elimisiweyo eyindumasi ngugqirha kuhlobo yeqhawe. Ngaxeshanye, kwakukho ihlabathi liphela kubo ebhadula troupes eziquka buffoons abenza kumbindi wesixeko kunye namaxesha. Culture of pre-Mongol eRashiya waba multi-amaninzi, yaye umculo kule ndlela eyahlukileyo akukho kwezinye zobugcisa. iyahlekisa abaninzi ukucula nje kuphela, kodwa wazama yena kaClark, abadanisi, jugglers kunye nabadlali, oko kukuthi, abe Litsedeyami. Loo nto inika umdla abasemagunyeni njengenkosana rhoqo kunzima kunye engahlawulwayo kwakunye "ziidemon 'yakudala iingoma kwi yamanyala izithethe ezindala yobuhedeni.

Russian izixhobo zomculo womthonyama yayiquka balalaika, amagubu, ihapu, ratchet, dobro. Kwaye ke iimpondo kunye namaxilongo kusetyenziselwa kuphela komsebenzi iingoma, kodwa ngenxa uphawu ngelixa ekuzingeleni okanye imfazwe. owakhe ngokufana "bands" ezikhoyo amaqembu. Ngokomzekelo, iqela waphakamisa bafake amabutho ngexesha singqingiwe njalo ke isixeko iVolga Bulgarians ngo-1220.

Njengabantu abanye inkcubeko pre-Mongol Russia, umculo wazuza injongo yaso kulichitha Orthodox. motets yimibhalo aseByzantium (iguqulelwe kulwimi Slavic). Russia loans namaGrike isiko zonqulo. Ngendlela efanayo kwakukho life ubuchule.

uncwadi lwemveli

Uninzi inkcubeko Old Russian eyaziwa lwemveli wayo, ebalasele ukungafani kunye ukuqhama obalaseleyo. Iingoma, eyindumasi, umlingo, imibongo ibe amabakala alo ezifunekayo. Ubuqaba kwavusa amavo wentsomi ukuba baye basinda nasemva kokuba senziwe ubuKristu. LweMveli ihlanganiswa Orthodox ukuba kakhulu lugwayimbo iiholide ikhalenda kunye neenkolelo.

Epic amaqhawe namaqhawe - phezulu kwi intsomi. Abalinganiswa abaphambili kwale baba amadoda. Amaqhawe ezifana iikulya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich kunye Alyosha Popovich, eyaziwa umntwana zonke zokuqokelelwa iintsomi. In byliny ubonakala ukuqhama leyo inkcubeko Rus ixesha Mongolian. Heroes ingaba wokwenene abalinganiswa zembali kunye nomfanekiso ngokubanzi. Xa amavo amaqhawe anesibindi imali yonke of the Ages Aphakathi kunye neempawu zayo luphawu (umzabalazo kunye abasemathanga emathafeni, "owenkawu abantu" njalo njalo. D.).

yokubhala

intsomi yaba ongafaniyo sokubhala. Noko ke, le ncwadi ayikwazanga kwenzeke ngaphandle alfabhethi. Loo nto, ukuba avuza eRashiya kunye ubuKristu. ootitshala Byzantine KIRILL I Mefody ndadala Slavic ukuba oonobumba okhethekileyo, nto leyo eyaba isiseko ezahlukeneyo iilwimi ezibhaliweyo: Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Macedonian, njl

abashumayeli yabasebenzi yesiGrike aseTesalonika imiphumo abaninzi kude okungenelela. Ngaphandle Cyrillic ukuba iphuhlise kwaye zonke pre-Mongol inkcubeko Russia yamandulo. Le alfabhethi yasetyenziswa ukugqibezela ukutshintshwa iitekisi Orthodox. Isikolo yokuqala, bafunde ukufunda, zamiswa Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich.

ezikhumbuzo Unique yokubhala Old Russian kwamaxwebhu birchbark Novgorod. Abaninzi kubo esafunyanwa zakudala kwinkulungwane XX. Birchbark zibonisa ukuba nokubhala eRashiya ibingento eninzi ngophakathi kuphela. Ndikwazi ukubhala baninzi abemi abaqhelekileyo, njengoko ibhalwe nezinto ephakathi Novgorod.

Yamandulo Cyrillic yahlukile namhlanje. Kuye uzakuwushiya ungajongwangwa ngexeshana kwaye ezinye iincwadi ezongezelelweyo. uhlengahlengiso olukhulu zamagama omdala kwenzeka phantsi uPetros Mna, kwaye umhla wokugqibela kwimo wathabatha emva revolution 1917.

iincwadi

Ndawonye Rus ebhaliweyo wathabatha ukusuka inkcubeko ethi lamaByzantine. Imisebenzi yokuqala ezizimeleyo iimfundiso zonqulo okanye intshumayelo. Njengoko ezinjalo kuthathelwa ingqalelo i "Ntshumayelo Umthetho uthi, Makube lubabalo," ebhalwe ngu Metropolitan Hilarion phakathi lwekhulu XI.

Kakhulu ngakumbi uhlobo yengcolileyo waba indaba. They are umlando ingasikuko ngeziganeko, kodwa ngumthombo wolwazi malunga yintoni inkcubeko Russia yamandulo ixesha pre-Mongol. Umkhumbuzi ephambili Kyivan Rus uthathwa Nestor. Ekuqaleni "I Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" ukuba yabhalwa kwinkulungwane XII ngayo. Le igumbi uye wachaza iziganeko kwimbali Russian ukusuka ukuvela sokumiswa de 1117. Nestor ingqalelo kwiziganeko zopolitiko: zeengxabano njengenkosana, iimfazwe BB. Zakomkhulu kushiye ngasemva "Ukufunda", nto leyo wawuchaza kabanzi ngobomi yeenkosana-ukholo ezimbini Boris kunye Gleb.

Prince Vladimir Monomakh yakhunjulwa kungekuphela nje yezopolitiko olumkileyo inkokheli abanetalente emkhosini, kodwa njengoko ngumbhali obalaseleyo. Kiev umlawuli ekhohlo ukuya neendlalifa zakhe 'Ukuyalela "- ama yezopolitiko apho umbhali uchaza ukuba yintoni imeko efanelekileyo kunye namandla olusebenzayo. Le ncwadi Monomakh ukhumbula inkosana elizayo ukuba iimfuno zabantu ezopolitiko kufuneka azinakubenzakalisa umanyano State, kuquka kuyimfuneko ukuba kuliwe Polovtsy ephila.

"Ukuyalela" sabhalwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XII. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane efanayo kwabonakala imveliso engundoqo iincwadi Old Russian - "The Tale of Campaign Igor kaThixo". Kwakhona yaba umxholo umzabalazo kunye Polovtsy. Xa iziko le mbaliso mbongo - iphulo akuphumelelanga emathafeni ka Prince Igorya Svyatoslavicha, ngubani walawula Novgorod-Seversky.

Ekuthibazeni bahlaselwa abasemathanga ngokonwaba nefuthe kakhulu oko waba inkcubeko kunye nobomi pre-Mongol Russia. Igama "elithi" umbhali abangaziwayo njengoko kungekho babonisa ngcono indlela behlasela ebuhlungu baba nabahedeni. Njengoko Monomakh ngo "Imiyalelo" kwakhe, wagxininisa ukubaluleka ubunye ilizwe Russian phambi ingozi eqhelekileyo.

ubugcisa bezandla

iinkosi Russian ixesha elide iye idume izacholo ihluke ekwenzeni nobuchule (lwawo, afakwe, njalo njalo. D.). wenza ezi mveliso ukuba ingayalela ukuba boyar kunye basebukhosini njengenkosana. Oonyana bolunye uhlanga iyayithanda omnyama Russian zesiliva. Le umxube khomiwa hi ezahlukeneyo iimveliso: izacholo, iminqamlezo, nemisesane, etc ...

iinkosi Kiev ekhethwayo amaqhosha egolide nesilivere kwi imvelaphi Chernevo. Vladimirskie amagcisa wayedla imvelaphi loqobo kunye namanani zegolide. EseGalicia kwakukho aya yesikolo kwihlokondiba zabucala. Kule mizekelo, ubugcisa kunye yezandla kwakhona ubonisa yintoni inkcubeko eyahlukeneyo kunye nobomi bemihla pre-Mongol Russia.

iilali Craft bahluke kakhulu kuwo umzi obugcisa bezandla. Kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni, inkosi ixesha elide ezisetyenziswa izihombo zabo mibala zobuhedeni amabutho ezimbi. Ngaba ngamakhubalo ezithandwayo kunye namakhubalo. Abaninzi kubo zazenziwe umbandela kakhulu ukufikelela - iinkuni. Ukuba iziqalelo zokuqala njengokhangelo-ezifana kwezobugcisa isicelo yaba kwindawo ecacileyo zobugqi, ngoko ngokuthe ngcembe baphulukana le intsingiselo yaye baba iipateni ezilula. Culture of Russia pre-Mongol xesha, ngamafutshane, siye savela. Nge kwisizukulwana ngasinye, sagcina watshintsha waza waba nzima kakhulu.

Life and ekhaya

kwizindlu Early lenqaba kwakuba eziko, kunye noovimba iziyobisi. indawo nganye enjalo ekhaya ukwahlula isibini esitshatileyo. Yokwanda isiqingatha-dugouts kufuphi neemanyano olusemazantsi yezizwe Eastern nokuxubana kuphawulwa zokuma Arabhu. zokuhlala ezifana laqala ukunyamalala kwi X kwinkulungwane. Le nkqubo iye yanxulunyaniswa komsipha wobudlelwane usapho ngamadoda amancinci kunye Ukubuna iintsalela yezizwe.

Umzekelo, e Kiev, ukongeza nakwisiqingatha dugouts bakha amakhaya log log. Wood kuyinto material azibizi, ungayifumana phantse yonke ezidolophini okanye umhlali emaphandleni. Ukufumaneka kwandinceda ngokukhawuleza ukubuyisela abantu xa kuthe lomlilo. Umlilo wayesoloko kukhokelele kumonaka- kakhulu, nto leyo, kwelinye icala, kukho ukunqongophala oluqaphelekayo beenkuni.

Inxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-Prince Ibhotwe yaba Gridnitsa - igumbi elikhulu, apho umgidi bahlangana squad. Ukufunda iyunithi yokuhlala yeengcungcu - oku yenye indlela emnandi ukuqonda ukuba yintoni na isiko pre-Mongol Russia. Architecture sisalathisi yemeko yentlalo, isikhundla esiphezulu kumnini wesakhiwo. Loo nto inika umdla into yokuba ngenkulungwane XII, xa urhulumente ekugqibeleni yawohloka, i Gridnitsa endala omkhulu shwaka - baqalisa ukusebenzisa ndawo nje entolongweni.

iimpahla

abalimi eqhelekileyo okanye smerdy, ayenxiba iblawuzi ihempe-belted Mfuleni iblukhwe kunye neebhutsi ezinde. Cheap uboya ubusika kusetyenziswa. Ngelo efanayo folksy luthathwa bear uboya. Iibhanti zazitsobhi- nothwathwa, isiqhoboshi ezenziwe ngobhedu. Abasetyhini bakholisa ukuba ukunxiba izivatho (amakhonkco zezomzuzwana, namaso, amaso).

A phawu uphawu le enesihlwele esinzima, izinduna neempahla isikhulu yaba ingubo yakhe. Ukuba abalimi ayenxiba iingubo zelinen entle rough, le basebukhosini - shirts eyenziwe isilika. ale yenene zazenziwe nemvaba. A attribute olusisinyanzelo kumkani waba ikepusi kunye uboya nodonga olufutshane. iingangamsha nobucwebe zazenziwe ngamatye anqabileyo, negolide. Umzekelo, Prince Svyatoslav enxibe uphawu pearl icici. Ubomi kunye nenkcubeko pre-Mongol Rus (10-13 leminyaka) kumangaliswa basemzini abaninzi. zasebusika ngabafo Russian yayenziwe uboya Sable, na impahla yorhwebo zixabisekileyo zonke iimarike zaseYurophu.

ukudla

Kuseloko lasekwayo zolimo eRussia zokulima olimekayo, nokutya abantu abaqhelekileyo ikakhulu yayibandakanya isonka kunye ezahlukeneyo papa (nerhasi, ingqolowa, irye, namazimba). ukubaluleka kwabo ubomi eMpuma nokuxubana eyenza. Isonka uxhomekeke kakhulu koko abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumana izinto zokudlala abantwana ngohlobo isonka. Ukungaphumeleli isityalo ingqalelo le ntlekele inkulu, isiphumo eyimfuneko okwaba isibetho ngokubanzi.

Meat bendawo sasidla zeenkukhu kunye nemfuyo. Le lali sele kudala wambonelela isithethe wamandulo inyama ihashe. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo kwetafile nekhaya iimveliso zobisi, kuquka samasi. imfazwe ezizinzululwazi beCawa ubuhedeni sichaphazele yokudla. Umzekelo, lo sisi efanayo yayigqalwa pudding bemikhosi. Ababingeleli bazama ukulungisa le ukudla umhlambi wakhe ngoncedo kwezithuba ezahlukeneyo.

Intlanzi phezu kwetafile Intlanzi ingakumbi alubizi (kwakusazeka ukuba iinkosana Novgorod baba "osetrenniki", nto leyo yaqokelelwa iintlanzi Lobel iirhafu Le ntlanzi ithandwa). Imifuno eziphambili zezi umnqathe nekhaphetshu. inkcubeko Ukutya pre-Mongol Russia, ngamafutshane, ziyacotha ukuba utshintshe zonke ezinye iinkalo zobomi ye Slavic. izinongo yesintu nesinamon, iviniga, amandongomane, anise, zetyeleba pepper. Igalelo elibi eli ityuwa ayikwazanga kuphumelela intlekele yesizwe. Le mveliso isisifundo oluthandayo abathengisi intelekelelo.