Le Code wokuqala uMthetho eshicilelwe ... Law 1497 - phawu. Imiphumela Sudebnik 1497

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XV ilizwe Russian lifumanise isiganeko entsha kwimbali yawo. Ngeli xesha, iinkosana eMoscow kwafuneka ukuba benze izigqibo ezaziza kunceda ekukhuseleni lonke ilizwe nokugcina ndawonye. Le Code wokuqala uMthetho yapapashwa leSizwe elungiselelwe kanye le njongo.

State phambi nokwamkelwa ngumqulwana obaluleke

Ukususela 1132 iqala ixesha zokungavumelani kwimbali Russian. karhulumente Old Russian ikomkhulu yayo phantse abasekho eyayiseKiev. Nangona abathetheli kunye wawalwela etroneni Kiev, kodwa uloyiso babo abazange kungathethi ukuba ziya yiphathe ngesandla amandla phezu onke amazwe Russian. msinyane kakhulu impahla eKiev zaye ziphangwe, yaye abemi besixeko wabalekela kwamanye amazwe, apho ukufumana usindiso evela abasemathanga neemfazwe.

Kwimeko xa lo mzalwana waya emfazweni nxamnye nomzalwana wakhe, nonyana wakhe - uyise, emazweni Russian baba zizisulu ngokwezizwe amadlelo. Ngexesha le minyaka, afumana amandla izizwe Mongol-Tatar. Dissociation weenkosi Russian kunye nokungabikho umyalelo eqhelekileyo eyanceda bahlaseli ukuba isigqila urhulumente Old Russian iminyaka ezayo.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, izixeko ezininzi bahlanganisana amandla ngokwaneleyo ukuze abe kwiziko likarhulumente elitsha. Ngenxa yayo kusilungele, indawo okuyo, ubulumko unobuqili nabathetheli zasekuhlaleni kunye nenkxaso beCawa yobu eMoscow wakwazi ukuwina kule mpi.

EMoscow abathetheli eminyaka ndawonye amazwe Russian. Ndigqibile ukwenza urhulumente omtsha, Ivan III. Oku ufune ulwenziwo iseti yemithetho unokubakho apho kuyo. Ukumkani wayezazi le mfuneko. Le Code wokuqala uMthetho yapapashwa ngo-1497.

Ivan Iii

Ivan wazalelwa eMoscow ngo-1440. Uyise Vasily II, uWele Dark. Bawo Ivan bathatha inxaxheba feuds njengenkosana. Naso xa kaloku isiqhulo wakhe. Kwiinzame bazisunduze Basil amandla kunye namakhono ukuba alwe, wabathimba amtyhaphaza amehlo akhe. Basil II wasinda waza wathabatha etroneni. Kodwa kwakufuneka uncedo.

Assistant ukuba uhlobo lomntu Vasiliy Temny omthembayo kwakunye wena. Ivan, unyana wakhe, waba inxaxheba ekusombululeni iingxaki zoluntu ekubeni wayeneminyaka eli-16 ubudala. kweminyaka 6 emva kwesi siganeko, Vasiliy Temny wafa.

Ivan III kwafuneka ukuba iqhotyoshelwe kumazwe abo Novgorod, yaseTver kunye nezinye ummandla izityebi ezininzi. Yaphela ke irhuluneli ubhaliso karhulumente ka-Russian. Kwaye waba naye kwakukho utshintsho kulawulo, nto leyo eza kuqinisekisa imbali iLizwe loobawo iminyaka emininzi.

Emva kokungcwaba umfazi wakhe wokuqala, uIvan Iii ugqiba ukutshata kwakhona. Eli xesha okhethiweyo wakhe uba nomtshana umlawuli lokugqibela lamaByzantine Sofya Paleolog. Emva thethwano elide, yena ufika eMoscow waza waba ngumfazi irhuluneli Russian.

Ayephila wabhala ukuba Sofia wayekrelekrele kakhulu kunye nomfazi wengcibi yokuluka ke lowo. Yena ukukhuthaza umyeni wakhe kwaye faka kuye, ukuba kuphela indlela yaseByzantium yobomi nga ngokuba lowo echanekileyo kuphela. umfazi Speech wayemthanda Ivan III, kuba kungekudala emva kokuba betshatile, wabalelwa izitshintshe.

inkundla yaseByzantium esibonakala nathanda imeko ubutyebi. Itheko, apho izifundo wavuma nobuze bakhe xa kuthelekiswa nokumkani, umlawuli oziphakamisileyo agxininise waphezulu bamandla akhe. Emva komtshato kunye Sofey Paleolog, Ivan III wasungula imithetho efanayo yaye ilizwe lokuzalwa kwakhe. Ngaphandle ngokwesithethe yathatyathwa ingubo ingalo waseByzantium. Ivan III kunye nenzala yakhe ngoku uziqwalasele abavikeli eziyintloko ukholo Orthodox, neendlalifa waseByzantium.

ukugcinwa izithethe

Ivan Iii wagqiba ukuba ukuthatha imingcipheko uze wenze utshintsho olukhulu isithethe esekwe kakuhle zokuqhuba ezopolitiko zasekhaya. Uninzi imithetho yamkelwa elidlulileyo, walondoloza khona. Phakathi kwabo kwaba kuba 'ukondla ". Ngexesha sokonakalisa Kievan Rus kuloo ndawo izilawuli eziliqela ezincinane, ezahluke ngobukhulu nobutyebi. Kwinkoliso aba balawuli ukulawula emazweni abo, inxenye akucebisana izinduna.

Ukuba mkhulu kakhulu ukuba uyilawule ngokunokwabo ilizwe, Prince wathumela akhe. Abafumani umvuzo, kodwa, nangona kunjalo, wakhokela waphila lelokuphumza; baye bavunyelwa ukuba bafumane ubutyebi kumazwe kwisifundo kubo. Iirhuluneli ngokungenazintloni baphangwe abalimi kunye namagcisa. Kwafuneka unelungelo lokuthabatha irhafu omkhulu ngokohlobo imali nokutya.

Code of Law ngo 1497 wahlala "ukondla", nangona badlulisa ntwala ukuya zaba balimi. Kodwa emva kokupapashwa Code of Laws Kwabekwa ubungakanani babo ngqo, ngaphaya bani.

INkundla kunye neenkqubo zomthetho

Ukudala indlela Code yokuqala koMthetho, Ivan Iii wayalela ukuba ingqalelo ekhethekileyo yahlawulwa ukuba nemithetho kunye neenkqubo. Ngenxa kolu xwebhu imisela ngokwahlukileyo ngubani ukwenza izigqibo.

Wawalawula izinduna, ngamagosa kunye oomabhalane. Xa kunjalo, ukuba ulwaphulo kakhulu, yaye kube lula ukuba ukusombulula wayengekho, inkundla lilawula Grand Duke ngokwakhe.

Le Code wokuqala uMthetho lalivakaliswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubulungisa lommiselo, ngokuba imithetho yokuqala ukunyoba ziye zaziswa. Judges ezithintelwe ukwamkela izipho kunye nemali evela nxaxheba kwiinkqubo nokwenza izigqibo ezisekelwe esizithandayo.

Xa kuthe kwaba nzima ukufumanisa ukuba ngubani na elungileyo yaye ngubani na ephosakeleyo, amelana enkundleni. Lokugqiba ngesiphumo ityala, ummangali nommangalelwa bunobu ekulweni omnye nomnye lo gama nje omnye kubo ozuza. Noko ke, akukho namnye nxaxheba abazange ukuba afe. Oku kulandelwa ngabantu abakhethekileyo. Kwimeko yokuba omnye amaqela ababa ukulwa (abasetyhini, abantu abadala, abakhubazekileyo), kwakufuneka ukufumana umntu oza uyavuma ukuba izithakazelo yayo.

isohlwayo

Code of Law 1497 kwaye uluhlu izohlwayo ukuba ababhenciswa mthetho. Ukususela ngoku, abahlali urhulumente kwakufuneka kungabikho ilungelo self-ubuphathi okusesikweni ndiwavelele bobubi. Ku Kuvaliwe legazi.

Okokuqala wabonakala phakathi nezohlwayo isohlwayo sentambo. Higher obala ubuncinane kwabenzi lokubulala, ukutshisa, ezingcwele, njalo njalo .. Ukongeza, ngokubulawa kwabo okwesihlandlo sesibini azenzileyo ubusela. Kuba mthetho lokuqala akatswe ngezabhokhwe kwindawo yembutho, kangangokuba abantu abaninzi baye babona ukuba kulihlazo unako.

Xa kunjalo, ukuba oko phantse yaba iwayini, kodwa le ndoda ayizange ivume ukwamkela kuyo, uMthetho 1497 eligunyazisiweyo ukusetyenziswa nxaniso. Le ndlela yokufumana bavume wabonakala okokuqala.

abalimi

ukuqhekeka ikakhulukazi kunye nengcinezelo Mongol-AmaTatar sichaphazele zaba balimi. Abanye basiwa ebukhobokeni, ngoxa abanye - abulawe. Kuphela emva kokuba Mongol-AmaTatar lweMedia, ngokuthe ngcembe urhulumente waqalisa avuke uthuthu.

Ngelo xesha, xa Code yokuqala koMthetho yamiselwa, kukho kakade abalimi zixhomekeke. Babebizwa amakhoboka, imeko yakhe kwakungekho ezahlukeneyo ukusuka ubume amakhoboka kwamanye amazwe. Baphulukana inkululeko yabo abo bantu abangenayo indlela ukukhokela baphila ezimeleyo okanye athathwe ibanjwa ngexesha lemfazwe. Ukuba ikhoboka, le ndoda bagwetyelwe ebukhobokeni yonke inzala yabo. Esi sikhundla ke ilifa, kwaye umkhonzi umntwana waba likhoboka, kwanokuba uyise wayengumntu free.

amafama Ubudlelwane kunye nabanini ukuba Sudebnik 1497

Ngaphambili, xa Code yokuqala koMthetho yapapashwa, abalimi (hayi amakhoboka) unelungelo ukuhambisa evela kumnikazi omnye komnye. Ngokuba imisebenzi yakhe phezu kwelizwe umlimi lifumene mboleko ngokohlobo iimbewu, izixhobo kunye nemali. Ezinye abanini kwakhona ukunika abasebenzi zabo lwezindlu.

Kuba mboleko umlimi sanyanzeleka ukuba ukutyala imbewu, ukunyamekela izityalo nokuvuna, ukuba uze emva kumninindlu. Kodwa akukho bani unako imthintele kuhamba phambi kokuba isityalo ukuvunwa. Ke umnini kwakufuneka ukukhangela ngokukhawuleza kuba abantu baya kuvumelana ukuba bavune, ukunqanda kokuzifaka iilahleko ezinkulu. Abanini babezimisele Law 1497 wayilungisa le sikweni.

imini St. George kaThixo

Ivan Iii ayikwazanga ngoyaba le ngxaki. Ngenxa e Sudebnik kwabonakala umda yokuqala, echaphazelekayo zaba balimi.

Ukwamkelwa Sudebnik oqondela ixesha xa umfuyi akwazi ukuhamba evela kumnikazi omnye komnye. Yaqala phantsi ke into ngethuba leveki phambi koSuku St. George kaThixo (26 Oktobha) kunye ngeveki emva. Ngeli xesha ke isityalo ukuvunwa, abalimi ukuhlawula abadala (intlawulo yokuhlala ezweni lolunye uhlanga, ukusetyenziswa kwezinye izixhobo zomsebenzi) ukuya omnini uye kwenye.

Asingabo bonke abathathe lokhu inguquko. Ngenxa yokuba abanye abalimi zokwamkelwa Sudebnik kwanyanzeleka ukuba abalekele Don, leyo ebumba ihlabathi okukhethekile - Cossacks.

Okuthethwa loxwebhu

Of Law - ayikho nje ingqokelela yemithetho, kodwa usisithunzi ubomi ngqwabalala babantu Russian ngelo xesha. Kungenxa yolu xwebhu, ukufunda kunye nobomi abahlali karhulumente.

Ngexesha ayehlasela AmaTatar ekuncipheni kwereyithi kwafika inkcubeko the Old Russian karhulumente. Ukuba, phambi kokufika abasemathanga zabantu Russian kungathathwa omnye kakhulu ukufunda nokubhala eYurophu, ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, yonke into yatshintsha. Kwakhona AmaTatar nengcinezelo wayitshintsha sengqondo Russian zabantu, nto leyo kunokubonwa Sudebnik.

Ukwamkelwa koMgaqo-Sudebnik yokuqala kwakuthetha ukuvela le isigwebo sentambo, nxaniso. Akuzange kubekhona kuye isohlwayo oqatha ngolu hlobo ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho. Kwaye kule minyaka kuya kuba ngakumbi nje yohlobo lwazo.

I iiBolsheviks, echaza imiphumo Sudebnik 1497, wayekholelwa ukuba ke waqalisa amakhoboka abalimi. Kodwa bona engalunganga. Nangona oko kuphela ekuguqulweni abalimi evela kumnikazi omnye komnye, oku ayikwazi ngokuba intwasahlobo of serfdom. Oku waqala ukubonakala xa iindlalifa Ivan III. A irhoxisiwe kuphela emva kokuba utshintsho ka-Alexander II - omnye ummeli ubukhosi elilawulayo.

Le Code wokuqala uMthetho yasekwa ukuze ukusombulula ubomi ngurhulumente omtsha ikomkhulu yayo eMoscow. Olu xwebhu okwesihlandlo sokuqala kukho imithetho emitsha, amanye kuwo athathwa kuyo inyaniso Russian - onesethi yokuqala yamaxwebhu imithetho. Kodwa yonke imithetho emele i-Code yokuqala Russian yoMthetho, zibonisa ubomi nzima belizwe Russian, isazama edyokhweni nangezinto.