Nominalism ifilosofi - it ... nominalism kunye ngokoqobo ifilosofi

ifilosofi ephakathi, oko kukuthi, intombi yakhe intanda - scholasticism - abaninzi bacinga ingxabano indlela nasihlahla phakathi kwabantu iingubo ngendlela needemon ezininzi yanele kwi ngencam yenaliti. Le ukuqonda uza kuthi evela Renaissance. Ngoko kwagqitywa ukubonisa era idlulileyo ukukhanya emnyama kunokuba enyanisweni. Kodwa ke ongumsunguli ngeekhomponenti asisiseko iisimpoziya zenzululwazi mihla kunye neenkomfa, kwakunye yonke izixhobo iziphakamiso zokubhala kunye nophando. A indima ekhethekileyo udlalwa kwimbali lengqiqo ifilosofi nominalism. Le ndlela yaba sisiseko izifundo elizayo kwi uhlobo rationalism kwindlela. Kodwa zama ukuqonda lo mba edidayo.

"Schola" - oko kuthetha ntoni?

ifilosofi medieval ekhulisa ngexesha nokusekwa yonxulumano wobukhosi. Nokuba ngexesha Carolingian Renaissance - oko kukuthi, kwi kusekwangoko kakhulu - oko sele ifumene ezo mpawu ukuba siyazi thina ngoku. Church in Western Yurophu ngelo xesha isiseko ubunye ngamaKrestu ehlabathini. Ekubeni lonke ihlabathi abantu ephakathi icawa, kunye nemibuzo bulumko ebuzwe kwaye isonjululwe, ube uhlobo efanelekileyo. i yomfundi Ukuba patristic kuyakuthethelela iimfundiso emisiweyo zeCawa, lathi kunye nokumisa ezi ziphumo. Ngoko ke, saba nto iphambili ingcamango ephakathi - kuba lusekelwe bulumko esisiseko. kanye Igama le ntsingiselo icebisa kuqala kwiinto zonke, ukuba iye yaphuhliswa kwizikolo emishini, yaye kamva - kwiiyunivesithi.

Ezona mpawu ziphambili scholasticism

Xa iyonke kukho amaxesha amathathu uphuhliso nkongomiso. Okokuqala - lo scholasticism ekuqaleni kumaxesha, ukususela sobulumko kade classical Boethius ukuya Fomy Akvinata. Emva koko kufike ixesha yesibini. Kukho advantageously ziquka Thomas ngokwayo kunye nabalandeli bayo. Ekugqibeleni, scholasticism emva elinesine ukuba elinesihlanu iinkulungwane, ngokusisiseko yayingumxholo yamanani ukugxekwa Renaissance. Imithetho bulumko zesikolo i ingxoxo kwimiba engundoqo ixesha. Kuqala kwinto zonke, ulwazi kunye nenkolelo, ngoko - ubukrelekrele, eneneni kunye ubukho, yaye, ekugqibeleni, imbambano malunga universals. Apha ekugqibeleni sima. Ngapha koko, oko lembambano ngokoqobo kunye nominalism.

Yintoni na?

Ingxaki universals, leyo yenye kwimiba engundoqo ngxoxo ngexesha malunga izazinzulu ezininzi wasiqhekeza intshuntshe, imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Njengokuba zinjalo beseka yaloo magama ngokubanzi, njengoko ndacinga njengefashoni kuMbindi kwiZigaba Plato, ngokwenene apho. A nominalism ifilosofi - oku isenzeko lilunge kwimbali ingcamango. abameli balo babekholelwa ukuba jikelele iikhonsepthi (jikelele) - ukuba nje igama izinto ngamnye, amagama abo (in nomines Latin).

njengokuba zinjalo eyaziwa

Ingqikelelo ubukho universals wayengomnye ishushu kwimbali bulumko ephakathi. Ngoko ke, inkoliso iinkosi phambi ekuqaleni kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesine baba zinjalo. Ezi ziquka, umzekelo, uJohn Scott Erigena wamema ukufundisa enkundleni impiriyali Karolingov elithile. Ukusuka umbono wakhe, phakathi unqulo lokwenyaniso kunye nohlobo lokwenene akukho mahluko. Ngoko ke, lo kwingongoma nganye inyaniso ingqondo. Kodwa yonke into ebonakala ngathi ukuba sibe yokwenene, enyanisweni, ngokomoya. Kuba njengokuba zinjalo bokwenyaniso IsiNgesi uBhishophu Anselm Kenterberiysky. Wavuma ukuba ingqondo ukholo ngezantsi, kodwa ngaphezu ukuthanda umongo - eyona nto iphambili, hayi ekuphileni. Ngoko ke, wayekholelwa iingqiqo jikelele Izinto real. Good, wathi, kukho izenzo elungileyo, inyaniso - ke amagama ekunene, kodwa ubulungisa - kungakhathaliseki ukuba izigqibo zenkundla. Kwaba engokoqobo Albertus Magnus (Boldshtedtsky). Wayekholelwa ukuba zikhona universals ngeendlela ezintathu - engqondweni kaThixo izinto ngokwabo, yaye emva kwabo. Noko ke, ingxaki nominalism kunye ngokoqobo, hayi kanye mandithi, umlinganiselo ngakwicala yangaphambili, iye yatshintsha ukususela ngenkulungwane weshumi, ezizezi ukususela ekuqaleni kwesifundo wendalo.

conciliators

Indlela yokuphatha amalungu mkhwa esahlukileyo? Phambi Aquinas nominalism-bulumko - kuba yinto efana qhekeko. Apha, umzekelo, uJohn Rostsellin. Wayekholelwa ukuba kukho izinto ezithile nesigama kuphela - kwizandi illusion zentetho. Kodwa njengoko waveza ukuba izimvo ezinjalo kukhokelela kwisigqibo sokuba akukho Thixo, kwanyanzeleka ukuba iinkolelo zabo. Ayicamagushele disputants kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini, wazama Per Abelyar. Wabhala ukuba zikho ezinye izinto, kwaye avezwa. Kodwa sifane. Le ukufana - ezingqondweni zethu kwakunye namagama abo. Kwelinye icala, uThixo iqulethe imifanekiso yezinto ukuba wayeza ukudala. Umlamli kwaba futhi Foma Akvinat. Ngokusisiseko, kulandela iingcamango Alberta Velikogo, engabahendeli kancinci ngenye indlela yedwa. Izinto ikho ngokwenene engqondweni likaThixo engqondweni amagama abo sele ikhona ngegama. Kuphela abantu benze iimpazamo. Kodwa uThixo uyazi inyaniso.

Nominalism Franciscans. Rodzher Bekon

Oxford School ukususela kwinkulungwane weshumi emva kwexesha waba ligwiba, ukusuka apho komjikelo lobungangamsha eYurophu waya nominalism ephakathi. IsiNgesi Franciscans bezisoloko a ukhakhayi ukuba lo mkhwa-bulumko. Ukongeza, phakathi kwabo baqala ukuphuhlisa kwezenzululwazi kunye nofundo lokuba indalo. Ngoko ke, naba abahlalutyi eziphambili njengokuba realist kunye scholasticism yamandulo. Ngoko ke, Rodzher Bekon babezibuza ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kugweba malunga into ngaphandle kokwazi imathematika. Hayi igunya, kungekhona ngenxa logic esesikweni, hayi njengesikhokelo iZibhalo, kodwa ukuhlola kuphela yeyona ndlela iphambili yezenzululwazi. ezinye izinto ngcono kwaye truer ngaphezu naziphi magama, kunye namava lubaluleke ngakumbi kunayo nayiphi logic.

Duns Scotus

Le sobulumko Oxford libhekisela nominalists aphakathi kunye nabalandeli Aristotle. Wagxeka uThomas Aquinas, ekhala ukuba kukho uhlobo enyulu - nguThixo. Okunye abanjalo. Yonke enye into - Ubunye ifomu kunye nto, umphefumlo kunye neengelosi. Ngenxa yokuba eyona nto ibalulekileyo kuThixo - yintando yakhe, ngoko ke lo ingozi esa ebantwini. Nominalism kunye ngokoqobo ifilosofi Scotus abahlala Kwakuba kuhambe efanayo. Ngaba, ufuna ngaphezu kwabo bonke sizathu. UThixo, ukuba ndifuna, kwakungayi wadala ihlabathi, yaye yokuziphatha eyahlukileyo kakhulu. Ngoko ke, i-jikelele Lunokubakho kuphela kwizinto, njengesiseko yokufana kwawo. Esebenzisa izinto ngazinye, sazi ubuntu babo. KuThixo akukho universals engqondweni - unako nanini na umzuzu ukutshintsha yonke into njengokuba ufuna.

Occam and sokucheba yakhe

Kodwa mhlawumbi idumileyo ke nominalist Uilyam Okkam - umenzi we-khulu kunye nomthetho we refraction sokukhanya. UThixo akanako kwaziwa - ubukho bakhe inokuba ngokholo kuphela. Kunjalo universals. Isifundo kolwazi kuba yinto yokwenene kakhulu, kunye nendlela - amava. Nominalism ifilosofi - oku kwicala elichanekileyo kuphela, abanye "ezikhoyo ande ngaphandle imfuneko." Nguwo lo mgaqo edume "sisitshetshe Occam kaThixo". Lo bulumko ibamba nominalist nokuba kakhulu. Ukwabelana ngezimvo Scotus, Ockham wakholwa kuThixo "despotism mda." UMdali akanayo essences kunye universals ifuna - Unako ukudala nawuphi na umgangatho kwaye ngaphandle kwazo. Ngoko ke amagama jikelele ikhona kuphela ezingqondweni zethu - UThixo udala ngaphandle iingcamango, kwaye akukho mfuneko ntoni iintonga. Universals lobuchopho bomntu kudala ngokuba lula kwethu. UThixo wadala nje isiqhelo sokuba ingqondo yomntu - ukuya ukusuka ethile ukuya jikelele. Ngoko ke universals zimpawu kuphela ngokoMthetho. Kuyinto lo mbono ekugqibeleni waba eyamkelekileyo.