Refraction yokukhanya - imbali kombono ebonakalayo

Uzikiso refraction yokukhanya kubhekisela kwinani of ophathekayo, vula ngenxa lokuqaphela ngqo, ngaphandle sisenza uphando elebhu. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala sithetha ngalo eGrisi yamandulo, kodwa uninzi yemvelo ke kuqhelekile ukucinga ukuba le nto yayisaziwa ngaphambili. Nje ukuba sisazinzulu ngowokuqala ukuzama ukunika inkcazelo esengqiqweni ukuba inani leefekthi empirically lusekiwe waba Cleomedes, owayephila kwinkulungwane AD I yintoni na ngoku Greece. Phambi kwakhe, Euclid wachaza le meko ngokwenza ikhonkco elele ezantsi ivazi, leyo kwi imo yekona ethile ukuba ayibonakali okhangeleka kumbukeli, kodwa ukuba uqala ngokugalela amanzi aba umphanda, ngoko emva kwexesha elithile ngaphandle kokutshintsha engile Ngenxa mkhanyo abone elele emazantsi nohombisoa. Kodwa ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi mava Euclid akazange sinike sisazinzulu yokuqala ukufunda ngokweenkcukacha refraction uthathwa Cleomedes.

Isifundo ukufunda kwakhe refraction emanzini - ziphawuleka ukuba induku ende nkxu emanzini ukwenzela ukuba inxalenye ethile wahlala phezu kwamanzi, kukho refraction olubonakalayo kwi elilujongano umoya namanzi. Kodwa enyanisweni, intonga ayitshintshanga, kungeso sizathu sokuba oku wayekubona kwi nkohliso olubonakalayo?

Ukuhlola lo mba ngokusondeleyo Cleomedes iqatshelwe into yokuba ukuba umqadi ukukhanya ongena evela ngaphantsi eshinyeneyo eliphakathi ukuya kwihlathi ngakumbi, nakubeni ulwalathiso elibhalwe ngokumileyo (oko kukuthi, nokuba engile xa kuthelekiswa nemida eendaba mabini), lo eliphakathi ukuba ezixineneyo, deflects ukuba lilodwa ulwalathiso.

Yaba refraction efanayo wabacacisela nako ukubona ilanga ixesha elithile emva kokutshona kwelanga.

Cleomedes wanikela kuphela kunazo jikelele refraction yokukhanya nechazwe kuphela ngohlobo amalinge ezithile nobu-, ukupha, Noko ke, umfanekiso ngokwanelisayo opheleleyo imithetho jikelele yale nkqubo. Kamva omnye umphengululi ongumGrike, owayephila kwinkulungwane kamva Cleomedes, baqhubeka uphando lwezenzululwazi, niqale ezihlangwini zakhe, kwaye phantse akusondela ukuba ngokwenzeka imithetho physics, leyo refracts umqadi ukukhanya.

Ukuba inani elikhulu ngokwaneleyo-experimenti ezininzi, Klavdiy Ptolemey akwazi ukumisela i-engile uqikelelo apho Ukukhanya refracted kwindawo ethile. Ngoko ke, ngokuba refraction ezenzeka kwi nokutshintshwa kubunzulu umqadi kwi iglasi yamanzi, i-engile refraction yi 0,88-engile lweziganeko. Kuba kwezinye iincindi, eli xabiso itshintshiwe - umoya namanzi, nto ilingana 0.76, kunye nomoya kunye negilasi 0,67.

Kodwa ukusekwa okupheleleyo lwemithetho, esilawula refraction wokukhanya, wathabatha amakhulu ambalwa kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwesinye isizukulwana izazinzulu benza ekuphuculeni ulwazi ezikhoyo, kwaye inguqulelo yokugqibela formula refraction ekuthiwa yabhalwa René Descartes, edume French yamachiza-semvelo.

Xa inguqulelo yokuqala olungumgubo-nzulu Dutch W. Snell ngenxa yokubala engile lweziganeko look ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

n = nesono (a) / isono (b).

Ngamanye amazwi, isalathiso zokunganyangeki ye umqadi ukukhanya kwimidiya ezimbini ezithile ubuntu rhoqo kwaye engatshintshiyo kwaye lulwahlulo i sine ye-engile izehlo ukuba sine-angle of refraction.

Ekugqibeleni bagqiba izifundo kunye nenkcazelo refraction ye umqadi ukukhanya xa hit ukusuka kwenye eliphakathi ukuya komnye, njengoko kuthiwe, Rene Dekart. Wabufanisa Akumangalisi ekunene olwahlula kakuhle inkqubo refraction ukukhanya, ukuthelekisa kunye ibhola eziphaphazelayo esibhakabhakeni. Ukuba ngexesha moya wakhe sihlangana izihlunu, kakhulu ukukhanya olomileyo, kulula kakhulu ukuba uwaphule kwaye kuqhubeka eshukumisa, ize kulahleke nje ezinye ngesantya yayo yoqobo, uze utshintshe kancinane engile ukusaba.