Caliphate - ntoni na? Arab Caliphate, lasungulwa kunye ukubola. Imbali i Caliphate

Phakathi behlabathi iinkolo, omncinane yi Islam, ukuzalwa elibhekisela ngenkulungwane VII kwaye edibene igama umprofeti Muhammad, ukuba baziqhelanise sihamba. Phantsi impembelelo yayo Hadzhize - in Western Arabia - uluntu amakholwa kwasekwa. Eminye inzuzo ngokuthi Muslim-Arabhu Peninsula, Iraq, e-Iran namanye amazwe kwakhokelela ukuvela le caliphate Arab - urhulumente enamandla Asia. Oku kuye kwaquka aliqela emazweni.

Le Caliphate: ntoni na?

Igama elithi "caliphate" in Arabic uye neentsingiselo ezimbini. Eli ligama karhulumente esikhulu wadala emva kokufa Muhammad abalandeli bakhe, yaye isihloko ngumlawuli omkhulu ezibe phantsi kwegunya kwilizwe caliphate. Ngexesha ubukho karhulumente wemfundo, ziphawulwe ngokuthi kwinqanaba eliphezulu nasekuphuhliseni inzululwazi kunye nenkcubeko, wehla embalini njengoko Golden Age of Islam. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kucingwa ukuba imida kwiminyaka 632-1258.

Emva kokufa uMprofeti Muhammad imbali ye Caliphate inamathuba ezintathu. Eyokuqala, eyaqala ngo-632, ngenxa ekuyilweni Caliphate olilungisa, intloko kuzo yona neenkokheli ezine, ubulungisa ke wamnika igama layo kuRhulumente ukuzilawula. Iminyaka wobukumkani laziwa ngokuba inani iinzuzo ezinkulu, ezifana iwuthimbe lo Arabhu Peninsula, neCaucasus, i Levant, yaye inxalenye enkulu yoMntla Afrika.

iingxabano zenkolo kunye uzuza indawo yawo

Ukuvela kwi Caliphate ngokusondeleyo ukuya ekuqaleni kokufa iimbambano uMprofeti Muhammad malunga ezihlangwini zakhe. Ngenxa yokuba iingxoxo ezininzi umlawuli ephakamileyo kunye nenkokeli yonqulo waba ngumhlobo osenyongweni umseki Islam - Abu Bakr al-Saddiq. Waqala wobukumkani bakhe imfazwe nxamnye nabawexuki emkile kwiimfundiso uMprofeti uMuhammad nangoko emva kokufa kwakhe, baba ngabalandeli umprofeti wobuxoki Musailima. amawaka amane yomkhosi wawo woyiswa kwi Idabi Arkabe.

Landela neenkokheli yobulungisa waqhubeka kuloyiso nokwandiswa imimandla ngokuxhomekeke kubo. Abokugqibela babo - Ali Ibn Abi Talib - waba lixhoba umkreqi enemvukelo ukusuka kumgca engundoqo ye Islam - i Kharijites. Oku kwaphawula ukuphela unyulo abalawuli ophakamileyo, engangempi abamba ngamandla waba umbusi Muawiyah I ekupheleni kobomi bakhe elimisiweyo ozothatha unyana wakhe, waza ngaloo ndlela kube urhulumente kumiselwa lobukhosi ilifa - ekuthiwa-Umayyad Caliphate. Yintoni na?

New, uhlobo lwesibini Caliphate

igama layo eli xesha kwimbali yehlabathi Arab linyanzelekile ukuba i Umayyad ubukhosi, nto leyo oyinzalelwane Muawiya I., unyana wakhe ilifa igunya elongamileyo kayise, ngakumbi nizihlabe imida Caliphate, ukufumana uloyiso yomkhosi elikhulu e Afghanistan, eNdiya kunye eCaucasus. Zeza kunye izimpi zakhe kuthinjwa nokuba yinxalenye eSpeyin kunye neFransi.

Kuphela umbusi yaseByzantium Lev Isavr kunye Bulgarian Khan Tervel singabanqanda kuye ekhubekisayo noloyiso buziphelise yokwanda indawo. IYurophu usindiso lwethu ukusuka boyisa Arab unetyala ngokuyintloko kukumthetheli omhle VIII kwinkulungwane Karlu Martelyu. Ikhokelwa ngu Frank umkhosi woyisa ingxokolo nabahlaseli kwidabi adumileyo Poitiers.

Uhlenga-hlengiso ezingqondweni amajoni kwi kwisiseko uxolo

Ekuqaleni kwexesha ezinxulumene Umayyad Caliphate, ebonakala kukuba kwizithuba-Arabhu kwi ezinabantu ukuba elimsulwa; ubomi kufana imeko kwinkampu yomkhosi, ibekwe zikwimeko esiqhubekayo qwa. Isizathu inzondelelo yonqulo kakhulu yomnye wakubaphathi xesha Umar I. Ngenxa kuye, Islam naye fumene ibandla ukuba nenkani.

Ukuvela kwi Arab Caliphate yabangela ezininzi iqela loluntu okulwa zobungcali - abantu umsebenzi wakhe kuphela ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba amaphulo loloyiso. Ukuba ukwazi kwabo singakhiwa indlela yoxolo, ayengavunyelwa ukuba nilidle ilifa ilizwe baze bafumane amavila. Ekupheleni umfanekiso ubukhosi buye batshintsha ngeendlela ezininzi. Le kokuvulwa, yaye baba abanini, abaninzi yamagorha izolo ngayo Islam wakhetha ubomi mhlaba abamsulwa.

IAbbasid Caliphate

Fair ukuze bathi xa ngexesha Caliphate olilungisa bonke abalawuli bayo, igunya kwezopolitiko intsingiselo yalo wamnika indlela eya impembelelo yonqulo, kodwa ngoku sele uthathe isigqibo lubalaseleyo. Ngokobuninzi bobukhulu zayo zezopolitiko achumileyo yenkcubeko kobuqaqawuli mkhulu kwimbali East kufanele, ndizuze i IAbbasid caliphate.

Yintoni na - uyayazi kule mihla uninzi Muslims. Iinkumbulo kuye namhla komeleza umoya wabo. Abbasids - ukulandelana abalawuli ukuba wanika abantu bakhe yonke kwabeMi ababusi ezikrelekrele. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho iinjengele, kanye bezimali, yaye iingcali oyinyaniso ngabaxumi zobugcisa.

Umbusi - umxhasi neembongi nabaphengululi

Ekukholelwa ukuba Arab Caliphate phantsi Harun al-uRashid - kwaye enye abameli ziqaqamba ubukhosi uyabusa - lifikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu ngokuchuma. Le laseburhulumenteni, waya ezantsi imbali sinoMthetheleli abaphengululi, iimbongi nababhali. Nangona kunjalo, nikela kuye kuphuhliso ngokomoya wabakhokelela kurhulumente, i likaCaliph waba umphathi embi nomphathi engenamsebenzi ngokupheleleyo. Hi ndlela leyi, umfanekiso walo immortalized ezikuqokelelo-ngenkulungwane post zamaqhawe oriental "neShumi Omnye Nights."

"Iminyaka yobudala legolide inkcubeko Arab" - walithiywa best ifanelwe oko kwakhokelela Harun al-uRashid Caliphate. Yintoni na oko kuqondwe ngokupheleleyo kuphela ngokufunda ezithile ngokwezinga le Old basePersi, amaNdiya, uAsiriya, aseBhabhiloni kunye yinxalenye inkcubeko yamaGrike, nto leyo ebe negalelo kuphuhliso ingcamango zenzululwazi ebudeni bolawulo katitshala East. Konke ukutyeba ukuba wadalwa yingqondo ubugcisa zehlabathi lamandulo, waba nako ukudibanisa, ukwenza oku isiseko ezisisiseko zolwimi Arabic. Yiyo loo nto kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla kuquka ibinzana elithi "inkcubeko Arab", "ubugcisa Arab" njalo-njalo.

Uphuhliso lorhwebo

Xa olunzulu kwaye ngexesha elinye yayalela urhulumente, nto leyo caliphate IAbbasid, ukwanda kakhulu imfuno imveliso kumazwe angabamelwane. Oku kubangelwe kukunyuka jikelele kumgangatho wokuphila. Uxolo ngelo xesha ubudlelwane kunye nabamelwane zayo kuvunyelwa ukuba ukuphuhlisa nabo unaniselwano. Ngokuthe ngcembe lo isangqa lwabafowunelwa kwezoqoqosho lakhula, yaye lwafika amazwe ukuba kude kakhulu. Konke oku kuye unikwe ngamandla kuphuhliso olungaphezulu yobugcisa, ubugcisa kunye navigation.

Ukuwa caliphate

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane IX, emva kokufa Harun al-uRashid, kubomi kwezopolitiko lweenkqubo Caliphate ebucala, ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela ekungafuneki yayo. Nokuba ngomnyaka 833 waba ngumlawuli ngamandla Mu'tasim zamaTurkic wabumba yomkhosi. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, waba namandla yezopolitiko kangangokuba beza neenkokheli lokulawula kuye kubudlelwane kunye phantse baphulukana nelungelo lokwenza izigqibo ezizimeleyo.

Eli xesha loluka, kwaye ukukhula kwe ubuzwe phakathi abangaphantsi Persian Caliphate, nto leyo isizathu ziimvakalelo zabo obuzimele, nto leyo eyaba ngunobangela spalling Iran. Sokonakalisa iyonke caliphate kunye olukhawulezisiweyo ngenxa yokwahlukana kwi entshonalanga waseYiputa neSiriya. Ukwenziwa buthathaka igunya engundoqo usinike ithuba lokuba achaze ibango wayo inkululeko kunye nezinye imimandla yokuqala-elawulwa.

Ukunyuka koxinzelelo yenkolo

Ukuba baphelelwe ngamandla abo babesakuba neenkokheli bazama ukuba acele inkxaso abefundisi kunye othembekileyo kufuneka asebenzise impembelelo zawo phezu iindimbane. Abalawuli, ukususela Al-Mutawakkil (iminyaka 847), umgca yayo ephambili zezopolitiko ziye wenze ukuba umlo ochasene zonke iintlobo kombono.

Xa elibuthathaka ukujongela phantsi igunya likarhulumente, oko laqalisa intshutshiso esebenzayo-bulumko zonqulo onke amasebe ezenzululwazi, kuquka imathematika. Eli lizwe kuthechu wayetshona kungena enzonzobileni obscurantism. Arab Caliphate kunye ukubola alo aye umzekelo ocacileyo aluncedo ngayo lenzululwazi beengcinga simahla kuphuhliso karhulumente, kwaye iyingozi ekufuneni labo.

Isiphelo Ixesha Arab Caliphate

Xa X ngenkulungwane impembelelo aphantsi kweenjengele Turkish zomkhosi emirs eMesopotamiya ukuba ukuze iyanda ukuba neenkokheli enamandla yokuqala IAbbasid ubukhosi e Baghdad wajika waya iinkosana ezincinane, le intuthuzelo kuphela oya kwenza ezinye izihloko bamaxesha angaphambili. Kangangokuba, ukuba mkhulu ubukhosi Shiite Western Persian Buyid waqokelela amajoni ngokwaneleyo wayithimba eBaghdad eneneni imithetho kulo iminyaka emakhulu, lo gama abalawuli wesiqhelo kwakukho abameli Abbasids. ukuhlazeka Greater ngenxa yekratshi labo ayikwazanga.

Ngowe-1036 lonke Asia lifikile ixesha nzima kakhulu - i Seljuk Turks baqalisa nanto ngexesha amaphulo ndlongondlongo, nto leyo eyaba unobangela yokutshatyalaliswa kumazwe amaninzi yempucuko Muslim. Ngowe-1055 baye yeni saseBaghdad walawula apho Buyid kwakunye nokumisela ulawulo lwabo. Noko ke, igunya yafikelela esiphelweni ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIII wonke ummandla caliphate kanye enamandla Arab yabanjwa aweza ezingenakubalwa Genghis Khan. ekugqibeleni Mongols yonke into kwaphunyelelwa nenkcubeko naseMpuma kwinkulungwane edlulileyo. Arab Caliphate kunye sokonakalisa ngoku nje amaphepha yembali.