Yintoni tin isibetho?

Sele BC IV nkulungwane, uluntu iye eyaziwayo ubukho tin endalweni. Ngawo onke amaxesha, intsimbi eninzi kunene ngenxa nokungafumaneki yayo. Kule meko, kukhankanywa kuwo enqabile imithombo yamandulo ebhalwe ngesiGrike kunye namaRoma.

Tin ne yobhedu lisebenza njengenxalenye etotini ngobhedu. Kuye kwavela phakathi okanye ekupheleni III nkulungwane BC. Ukususela ubhedu kumaxesha amandulo yayigqalwa kakhulu elide zonke aluminium ezaziwayo umntu, nebhekile wabonwa nje metal qhinga. Esi simo sengqondo yagqugqisa iminyaka engaphezu 2 amawaka. Years.

idiphozithi

Amachibi inkulu okuqubha ibekwe mpuma Asia kunye neTshayina. Kunokuba iidipozithi olubanzi nazo zifumaneka Australia kunye Umzantsi Melika (Peru, Brazil, Bolivia). Ngo-Russia, i iidiphozithi ibekwe yaseKhabarovsk Territory, kwindawo enelanga (Sable kunye umthendeleko), indawo Verkhnebureinsky (Pravourmiyskoe). Ukongeza, iidiphozithi efumaneka Chukotka. Nazi Pyrkakayskie Stockworks, kwilali / Valkumey sam, Iultin. uphuhliso lwabo ivaliwe kwi 90. iidipozithi tin kwakhona ezikhoyo kr ngaselwandle. kummandla Kavalerovo e Yakutia (Usekela), kunye neminye imimandla.

Ukufa hambo ukuya South Pole

Ngowe-1910 Captain Robert Scott - nomhloli polar eNgilani - uhambo. Injongo yawo lo Pole South. Ngoxa kule ndawo landoda ise mnyango anyizange. Hambo wathabatha iinyanga ezininzi. Ababehamba ngeengqushu bahamba ngeendlela babeziindleko ezinkulu kwilizwekazi Arctic. Apha endleleni abashiya warehouses ezincinane ngokutya separafini. Ekuqaleni kuka-1912, hambo ifikelele esibondeni. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze ukuphoxeka okukhulu bahambi, bafumana inqaku apho wawusithi nyanga ngaphambili, batyelela URoald Amundsen. Noko ke, oku akuzange ingxaki enkulu. Endleleni ebuyela kwi-stock lokuqala iqela Scott leyi kumekaka ukuba isikhongozelo apho separafini leyo, wema engenanto. , Abantu Frozen ediniwe wayengakwazi ashushu okanye ukupheka ukutya. Xa wayeselula ubunzima obukhulu ukuya yokugcina elandelayo, bafumanisa ukuba kukho canisters engenanto. Akusayi Ngokuba amandla okumelana yengqele, onke amalungu ohambo wafa.

enye ayaguquka

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yokugqibela ukususela Holland eRashiya waya ukuqeqesha. Kwakukho imivalo etotini. E Moscow, iinqwelo avuleka. Endaweni bars abamkeli babona umgubo ndawo efanelekileyo hina. Malunga nelo xesha, awaya wathunyelwa eSiberia. Yena yambethe kakuhle. Abaququzeleli uhambo ziye eninzi iinkcukacha ukuze kubanda kakhulu abazange bayeke. Noko ke, isigwebo omnye kodwa wavuma. Abahambi bazisa nabo ukutya evela ithini. Kungekudala, xa kuneqabaka okokuqala crumbled ibe ngumgubo. Abahambi kwanyanzeleka ukuba ayinqamle izitya ezenziwe ngokhuni. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX eSt Petersburg kwenye warehouses kwabakho ngehlazo. Uphicotho bafumanisa ukuba zonke iyunifomu wanyamalala amaqhosha. Endaweni yoko, ibhokisi kuphela ngumgubo hina. Lowo wathunyelwa elebhu. Abaphandi waqukumbela, metal tin isibetho wambetha. Ngokutsho kwabanye ababhali-mbali, njengoko esinye sezizathu eziphembelele ukoyiswa yomkhosi French ebusika ka-1812, kusenokuba Ukunyamalala amaqhosha kunye iyunifomu yamajoni.

Ezama ukuchaza isenzeko

Kuzo zonke iimeko ngasentla, kubekho ngxaki yokusetyenziswa etotini sibetho. Yintoni na? Ngowe-1868, Academician Fritzsche thaca ingxelo kwintlanganiso ye-St Petersburg Academy. Kuyo, wathetha ngaye lo Isitimela Ndafumanisa indlela ngumgubo endaweni imivalo tin njengoko amaqhosha saa kwindawo yokugcina yomkhosi. Emva intetho yakhe kule Akhademi kubakho inani elikhulu lemiyalezo efanayo. Bonke wavela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo aseYurophu, yaye amanye - nkqu North America. Kuthiwa kumaXesha Aphakathi abasezikhundleni ningazi babekholelwa ukuba isibetho tin - ifuthe kwi yenkcenkce amabutho amnyama ezibangela ligqwirha. Isethi naziphi abafazi abamsulwa lwatsha esibondeni. Kodwa uphuhliso olukhawulezayo engenangqondo nenzululwazi la mabango kuye kwacaca ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze ucacise indlela kukho isibetho tin oko kukuthi, izazinzulu nako ixesha elide. Uphando kwaqiniswa emva kokufa iqela ibhala. Isibakala sokuba Madikane, leyo separafini, baba itoti evaliweyo. Metal ibuye ibe luthuthu ulwelo eEdeni.

Ulwakhiwo metal

Kuphela emva kokusebenzisa uhlalutyo X-ray, oosonzululwazi baye bakwazi ukuchaza indlela kukho isibetho etotini. Le meko kungenxa isakhiwo ezithile intsimbi. Uhlalutyo X-ray eye wavumela ukuba ukujonga ngaphakathi izinto ukuhlola ubume babo crystalline. Ngenxa ingcaciso lwenzululwazi isenzeko oko laliqulunqwe. Uphando lufumanise ukuba kukhona ukuze iifom crystalline ezahlukeneyo. Ukuguqulwa iyizinzise kwi (igumbi) ubushushu eqhelekileyo okanye obushushu eziphakamileyo yi tin. Le but is viscous kunye zeplastiki. Ukuba lobushushu lihla ngezantsi-13 amaqo., Ngembonakalo yikristale Ilibele iqalisa ukuba ngokutsha. Ezi athom ahlelwe isithuba kumgama enkulu. Ebumba ukuguqulwa entsha intsimbi - tin hina. Ithe iipropati yayo yoqobo. Enyanisweni, i-metal iyayeka ukuba lube semiconductor. Xa iindawo zonxibelelwano ezahlukeneyo ezikrobeni crystal ukuba ntshikilelo zangaphakathi. Akhokelela ngokuhlaziya eso sakhiwo. Ngenxa yoko, intsimbi disintegrates ibe ngumgubo. Kwaye kukho tin isibetho.

bokuqonda

Kufuneka ke ukuba isibetho tin, iifoto zichaziwe kwinqaku asasazwa ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo (phantse ngathi ngobhubhani ebantwini). Semini enye ukulungiswa enye, kunokuba ukuthoba iqondo lobushushu ngumsindo. eliphezulu lemali layo ukuguqulwa ifikelela kwi degrees -33. Yiloo nto kubanda kangaka kusetyenzwa ngokukhawuleza zonke iimveliso. Kulo mzekelo, nebhekile isibetho sithe ukusuka izinto "abagulayo" ukuba 'uphilile ". Le nto ke iye yonakaliswa abaninzi yeengqokelela zexabiso wamajoni zokudlala. Ngokomzekelo, abaninzi amanani yaba ngumgubo kwindawo yolondolozo lwembali Suvorov eSt Petersburg. Kwathi kuloo ebusika elinye ibhetri ongaphantsi wavele.

"Medicine" kweso sibetho

Izazinzulu ziye efuna indlela ukuthintela "ukuba isifo" ngentsimbi. Out of the meko wafumana British Guild labavelisi. Baqamba ingxubevange entsha. Kuqhotyoshelwe apha tin metal, iimpawu yayo of nonconstant. Ingxubevange omtsha obizwa "pewter". Wawuhlanganisa 95% inkcenkce, 2% yobhedu-5% kwistibhiya. Pewter lisetyenziswa ekwenziweni izacholo, impahla yendlu, izinto zokubhala njalo njalo. Kuthiwa zonke odumileyo waseMerika Cup, kwakunye imifanekiso "Oscar" ezenziwe pewter, baze emva koko alekwe ngesilivere kunye nesingxobo negolide. Ngoko ke ningoyiki nayiphi na isibetho tin.