Perestroika kwi USSR 1985-1991: inkcazelo, ebangela kunye neziphumo

Perestroika (1985-1991) eSoviet Union yaba into enkulu-isikali kwi kwezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho nezentlalo nobomi karhulumente. Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuba ukuziphatha yayo iinzame ukuthintela ukuwa kweli lizwe, ngoxa abanye bacinga ukuba ekwandiseni Union ukuyisonga. Makhe sibone oko kuhlengahlengiso USSR (1985-1991). Ngokufutshane zama ukuchaza ngoonobangela kunye neziphumo.

prehistory

Ngoko ke, ukuba uzakuyiqala ngaphi ngokutsha kwi-USSR (1985-1991)? Izizathu kunye neziphumo amanyathelo siza kuhlolisisa kamva. Ngoku siza kuqwalasela iinkqubo ngaphambi kweli xesha sikulo Russian.

Njengazo phantse zonke izenzakalo ebomini bethu, nokuhlengahlengiswa 1985-1991 kwi-USSR uye prehistory yayo. Izalathisi-ntle yabantu kwi-70 lwekhulu yokugqibela kweli lizwe bafikelela kwinqanaba ibonwe nje. Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba kanye ngeli xesha bobabo ukuya kwicandelo nokwehla kakhulu ekukhuleni kwezoqoqosho, kuba oko kwixesha elizayo lonke eli xesha ngesandla ukukhanya M. S. Gorbacheva ebizwa ngokuba 'era kungekho kukhula. "

Enye simo embi kukuba ukunqongophala eziqhelekileyo kwempahla, ityala apho abaphandi bathi iintsilelo yoqoqosho ecwangcisiweyo.

In kakhulu yokungenelela linyuke uphuhliso mveliso uncedo oyile negesi kumazwe angaphandle. Kanye ngelo xesha, eSoviet Union waba ngomnye abathumela inkulu ehlabathini lwe data zendalo izibonelelo, encediswa kuphuhliso kwiinkalo ezintsha. Ngelo xesha ukwandisa isabelo oyile negesi e-GDP lizwe libeka izikhombisi zoqoqosho eSoviet Union uxhomekeke ebalulekileyo kumaxabiso kwihlabathi ezo zinto.

Kodwa ke iindleko eziphezulu kakhulu yeoli (ngenxa Ukwayo ukunikezelwa Arab States "igolide black" kwi West) banceda uwugudise uninzi iziganeko ezibi kuqoqosho eSoviet. Kwiqula-ntle yabantu esoloko ndivuka, kwaye uninzi lwabantu abaqhelekileyo bade bacinge ukuba babengenakungena, ukuze yonke into kutshintsha kungekudala. Ewe, cool kangaka ...

Noko ke, iinkokheli lizwe elikhokelwa Leonidom Ilichom Brezhnevym ayikwazanga okanye akazange afune ngokwesiseko ukutshintsha into ekulawuleni kuqoqosho. amanqaku aphezulu kuhlawulelwa kuphela ithumba iingxaki zoqoqosho amaninzi eSoviet Union, owaboyikisa uyeke nangawuphina umzuzu, umntu nje ukutshintsha iimeko zangaphandle okanye zangaphakathi.

Loo inguqu kwezi meko kwakhokelela kwinkqubo ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba perestroika kwi-USSR ngo-1985-1991.

Utyando e Afghanistan nokwayo ngokuchasene USSR

Ngowe-1979, i-eSoviet Union lasungula usebenze kanzima e Afghanistan, apho kuboniswa ngokusesikweni njengoko uncedo kwamanye amazwe ukuya kubantu abazalwana. Intshayelelo lamabutho yiSoviet e Afghanistan zange evunywe yi-UN liBhunga lezoKhuseleko, apho waba namkhusane eUnited States ukuba asebenzise amanyathelo kwezoqoqosho nxamnye Union enxibe uhlobo izohlwayo, kwaye athambekele ukugcina abanye babo eNtshona Yurophu.

Noko ke, phezu kwayo yonke imigudu, uRhulumente eUnited States ayiphumelelanga ukuphumeza kumazwe aseYurophu ngumkhenkce ukwakhiwa omkhulu wegesi Urengoi - Uzhgorod. Kodwa ezo izohlwayo, ethe yaziswa, kunokubangela umonakalo ebonakalayo kuqoqosho eSoviet. Kwaye okunene imfazwe e Afghanistan zikwafune iindleko eziphathekayo, yaye njengoko kwaphucula ukunganeliseki yabemi.

Kuyinto ezi ziganeko ezi harbingers yokuqala ekuweni kwezoqoqosho eSoviet Union, kodwa imfazwe kuphela kunye nezohlwayo waba ngokucacileyo akwanelanga ukubona zonke ubu isiseko kwezoqoqosho eSoviet Union.

Eziwayo amaxabiso amafutha

Logama nje amaxabiso oyile wahlala phakathi $ 100 umphanda, i eSoviet Union akazange kakhulu ingqalelo izohlwayo amazwe aseNtshona. Ukuqalisa evela 80s kubekho ukuhla kakhulu kuqoqosho lwehlabathi, nto leyo ebangele ukuba ukuwa kwamaxabiso oli ngenxa ukuncipha. Ukongeza, ngo-1983 amazwe OPEC lehla ukusuka amaxabiso esisigxina ukuze ubutyebi, kunye Saudi Arabia kakhulu ukwandisa umthamo nezokukhupha izinto ekrwada. Oku kube negalelo nokuqhubekeka ngakumbi ukuwa amaxabiso "igolide black". Ukuba ngo 1979 Umphanda yeoli ucele $ 104, ngoko ke ngowe-1986 la manani wayewele $ 30, oko kukuthi, iindleko siwile phantse 3.5 amaxesha.

Oku kuba nempembelelo entle kwezoqoqosho waseUSSR nolusasebenzayo nangoku kwi Brezhnev era weza uxhomekeke elibonakalayo kwamanye amazwe oyile. Kunye ukwayo US nakwamanye amazwe Western, kwakunye nolawulo tenxileyo kakuhle nokwehla okukhulu kwamaxabiso "igolide black" enokukhokelela ekuweni uqoqosho lwelizwe.

Ubunkokheli entsha Soviet ekhokelwa M. S. Gorbachevym, owaba inkokeli karhulumente ngo-1985, waqonda ukuba imfuneko kutshintsha isakhiwo kulawulo lwezoqoqosho, ngokunjalo ukwenza utshintsho kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi kazwelonke. Le yinzame ukuphumeza ezi iinguqu kwaye kwakhokelela ukuvela iziganeko ezifana perestroika (1985-1991) kwi-USSR.

Izizathu sohlengahlengiso

Yintoni kanye kubangela liqulethe perestroika eSoviet Union (1985-1991)? Makhe sithi gqaba uzixoxe ngezantsi.

Esona sizathu ezakhokelela zobunkokeli lizwe ukubonisa kwimfuneko zotshintsho ezibalulekileyo - zombini kuqoqosho kwaye ngendlela kwezentlalo nezopolitiko xa lilonke - kwaba ukuqaphela ukuba iimeko zangoku eli lizwe lijongene ukuwa kwezoqoqosho okanye, kwi kakuhle, kukho ukuhla kakhulu kuzo zonke izalathisi. Malunga ubunyani ekuweni yiSoviet Union ngowe-1985, Kakade ke, akukho namnye phakathi neenkokeli lizwe ndingakufanelanga.

Imiba ephambili na amandla okuqhubela phambili ukuqonda ubunzulu ukuphehla iingxaki zoqoqosho, yolawulo kunye nentlalo zezi:

1. Le usebenze kanzima e Afghanistan.
2. Intshayelelo kwezohlwayo amanyathelo nxamnye USSR.
3. Ukuwa kwamaxabiso e-oyile.
4. Ukungafezeki kwinkqubo yolawulo.

Ezi izizathu eziphambili ezibangela perestroika kwi-USSR ngo-1985-1991.

ukuqala ngokutsha

Njengoko kokuqala perestroika kwi-USSR, 1985-1991?

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ekuqaleni, bambalwa abantu bacinga ukuba izinto ezimbi ezikhoyo kwezoqoqosho kunye nobomi boluntu waseUSSR, ndingekawuboni kukhokelela ekuweni eli lizwe, ngoko ke ngokutsha ekuqaleni luyacwangciswa nokulungiswa kokusilela ezithile nkqubo.

Ekuqaleni hlengiso abangenza kuqwalaselwa ngoMatshi 1985, xa uNobhala Jikelele CPSU ubunkokheli beqela ukhethe ilungu eselula kwaye nathembisayo Politburo of Mihaila Sergeevicha Gorbacheva. Ngelo xesha wayeneminyaka engama-54 ubudala, nto leyo kuba abaninzi baya ibonakala kancinci kangako, kodwa xa simthelekisa lizwe ongaphambili yena waye iinkokeli eziselula ngokwenene. Ngenxa yoko, L. I. Brezhnev waba unobhala jikelele kwiminyaka 59 waza wahlala kwesi sikhundla de ekufeni kwakhe ndazifumana kuye engama-75. Kuhlala emva kokuba Enyanisweni, kubalulekile kakhulu kwi-ofisi karhulumente lizwe uYuri Andropov kunye uKonstantin Chernenko waba nguNobhala-Jikelele we-68 no-73, ngokulandelelana, kodwa bakwazi ukuchitha ngaphezulu kancinane nje ngaphezu konyaka ngamnye emva kokuba amandla.

Le meko ibonisa ukuba mihla le nangenxa yokudodobala elikhulu labasebenzi kwi kwizikhundla eziphezulu zeqela. Ukuqeshwa kaNobhala Jikelele abaselula kakhulu kwaye omtsha umntu ubunkokheli beqela, uMikhail Gorbachev, yaba ubukhulu ethile echaphazela isicombululo kule ngxaki.

Gorbachev nangoko wenza kwacaca ukuba wayeza ukuphumeza inani lotshintsho kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kweli lizwe. Noko ke, ngoko ke nangoku akucaci konke oku kuya kuhamba kude kangakanani.

Ngo-Apreli 1985, uNobhala Jikelele malunga imfuneko ekukhawuleziseni uphuhliso loqoqosho USSR. Ukuba igama elithi "unikezelo" ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba kwisigaba sokuqala ngokutsha, olwaqhubeka kwaze 1987 kwaye ayithethi ukuba inguqu ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo. imisebenzi yayo kuquka ukusungulwa iinguqu ezithile zolawulo. Izinga isantya sophuhliso kuthetha ukwanda kubunjineli kunye noshishino enzima. Kodwa ekugqibeleni izenzo zikarhulumente musa ukuvelisa isiphumo oyifunayo.

NgoMeyi 1985, Gorbachev wathi ukuba lixesha lokuba ukwakha yonke into kwakhona. Ivela kule ngxelo yaye kwakukho igama elithi "ngokutsha", kodwa kwintshayelelo yakhe ukusetyenziswa kakhulu ixesha kamva.

uhlengahlengiso isigaba I

Ayifuni sicinge ukuba ekuqaleni zonke iinjongo kunye neenjongo zaye zachongwa, ekufuneka ukusombulula perestroika kwi USSR (1985-1991). Amanyathelo lungahlulwa-hlulwa izihlandlo ezine ixesha.

Inqanaba lokuqala yokwakha, nto leyo ebizwa ngokuba "olungongezwanga", ungenza ixesha ukusukela ku-1985 ukuya 1987. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, zonke ezintsha ngoko kakhulu yezolawulo. Emva koko, ngo-1985, kwaqalisa nephulo likazwelonke lokulwa nolwaphulo-utywala, injongo leyo ebeka ukuhla umgangatho butywala kweli lizwe lifikelele ingongoma ebalulekileyo. Kodwa kweli phulo liye uthabathe inani amanyathelo ezingathandwa phakathi kwabantu abangakwaziyo kuqwalaselwa kuphela "ukuzinkcinkca." Ngokukodwa, oko yatshatyalaliswa inani elikhulu izidiliya, wasungula de facto ban kwi ubukho utywala entsatsheni kunye nezinye nemibhiyozo ukuba amalungu iqela kuqhutywa. Ukongeza, le nephulo likazwelonke lokulwa nolwaphulo-utywala kwakhokelela yokunqongophala zotywala iivenkile kunye nokwanda kakhulu ngokwexabiso.

Inxaxheba kwinqanaba lokuqala kwathiwa njengoko yokuphumeza umlo ochasene norhwaphilizo ibe ngabemi ingeniso unearned. Iinkalo ezintle kweli xesha kufuneka wathi uye nokubandakanywa ebalulekileyo kwamajoni amatsha ubunkokheli beqela, owayenqwenela ukwenza utshintsho ebonakalayo ngokwenene. Phakathi aba bantu zingahlukaniswa Yeltsin kunye Ryzhkov.

IChernobyl Intlekele, owenzeka ngo-1986, wabonisa ukungakwazi nkqubo okhoyo, kungekhona nje ukuthintela ntlekele, kodwa ukusingatha ngempumelelo kunye neziphumo zawo. Chernobyl Emergency iintsuku ezimbalwa ngokufihla abasemagunyeni, ebeka izigidi zabantu abahlala kufutshane kummandla sentlekele. Oku kwakubonisa ukuba zobunkokeli lizwe lusebenzisa iindlela yakudala, leyo, ngokwemvelo, akazange ayithande abantu.

Ukongeza, oko kwenziwa de nguqulelo zibonakalise ukuba kuphumelele, ekubeni nezalathisi zoqoqosho yayiqhubeka, njengoko ukunganeliseki ngakumbi ukhula-nkqubo ubunkokheli eluntwini. Oku negalelo ekuqondweni Gorbachev kunye namanye amalungu ubunkokheli beqela kukuba amanyathelo isiqingatha musa, kwaye kuyimfuneko ukuba enze iinguqulelo ezinkulu ukugcina imini.

imigomo ngokutsha

Urhulumente echazwe ngentla-lwezinto negalelo ekubeni zobunkokeli lizwe nako ngoko nangoko ukumisela iinjongo ezithile ze perestroika eSoviet Union (1985-1991). Le theyibhile ingezantsi ngokufutshane ubuntu babo.

sphere	imigomo
umnotho	Ukuqaliswa izinto iindlela zorhwebo ukuphucula ukusebenza yoqoqosho
ulawulo	Le ngokwentando yesininzi yolawulo
umphakathi	Ngokwentando yesininzi yoluntu, nokuvuleleka
wezangaphandle	Ukuzinza lobudlelwane namazwe ehlabathi Western

Eyona njongo ephambili Yaqiniseka eSoviet Union ebudeni beminyaka perestroika ka-1985-1991, kwaba ukudala isebenza ngokusulungekileyo yindlela yolawulo karhulumente yi iinguqulelo zenkqubo yezemfundo.

sigaba II

Ukuba ngxaki zichazwe ngentla apha ziye esisiseko kubunkokheli be-USSR kwixesha ngokutsha ngo-1985-1991. kwi Inqanaba lesibini yale nkqubo, nto leyo ingaqatshelwa ekuqaleni konyaka-1987.

Yaba ngeli xesha sele wathamba kakhulu ukuhluza, ethe yabonisa ngokucacileyo kwi-nkqubo ekuthiwa-phandle. Ubonelela ukuba admissibility ingxoxo eluntwini kwabo ngaphambili mhlawumbi ngokungahoywa okanye zayekiswa. Kakade ke, eli linyathelo elibalulekileyo ukuzama ngokwentando yesininzi nkqubo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye kubekho inani lweziqhamo ezimbi. flow Vula ulwazi apho inkampani eminyaka emva "komkhusane intsimbi" nje ningekalungi, negalelo ekuthotyweni olukhulu entandweni yobukomanisi, ukuthotywa yeengcinga yokuziphatha, ukuvela ziimvakalelo ubuzwe obuzimele kweli lizwe. Ngokukodwa, ngowe-1988 oko yaqala inter-yobuhlanga imfazwe Nagorno-Karabakh.

Kwakhona eqhuba ezinye iintlobo ukuziqesha, ingakumbi ngokohlobo amanyeneyo bavunyelwa ukuba.

Kumgaqo angaphandle, eSoviet Union waya concessions eninzi kwi-US ngethemba uyaziphakamisa izohlwayo. Lidla kwakukho iintlanganiso phakathi Gorbachev ne US uRonald Reagan, ngexesha apho isivumelwano kwi kwezixhobo ziphunyezwe. Ngowe-1989 Afghanistan ekugqibeleni Waziqhiwula amajoni Soviet.

Kodwa ke, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba isigaba sesibini ngokutsha zange kufezekiswe iinjongo zayo yokwakha socialism lwentando yesininzi.

Inyathelo III ngo ngokutsha

Inqanaba lesithathu ngokutsha, eziqale kwisiqingatha sesibini sika-1989, kuphawulwa yokuba iinkqubo ezenzeka kweli lizwe, kwaqalisa ukuphuma phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente kazwelonke. Ngoku kwanyanzeleka ngabo ukuba ukuziqhelanisa kuphela.

Ilizwe sele udlule a kuluhlu sovereignties. abasemagunyeni Republican Ndashumayela ophambili imithetho nemimiselo phambi All-Union, ukuba olukungquzulwano omnye komnye. Kwaye ngoMatshi 1990 Lithuania wathi zokurhoxa yayo eSoviet Union.

Ngowe-1990, i-ofisi kamongameli, leyo neerhuluneli akhethwe uMikhail Gorbachev yaziswa. Kwixesha elizayo kwacetywa ukubamba unyulo umongameli okuthandwayo ngqo.

Noko ke, kwacaca ukuba ifomathi yangaphambili ubudlelane phakathi republic eSoviet Union inkxaso na ixesha elide. Bahlele ulungise sibe "umanyano ethambileyo" phantsi igama Union of enguMongami States. 1991 lika nabaxhasi nyaka abanqwenela nokulondolozwa kwenkqubo endala, aphelise le mbono.

post-perestroika

Emva kokuba kwezithandani le kombuso, inkoliso republic eSoviet isaziso zokurhoxa lwabo ngamalungu alo waza wathi geqe. Kwaye yintoni umphumo? Yintoni ikhokele ngokutsha? Ukuwa eSoviet Union ... kwiminyaka 1985-1991 wayichitha kwinzame ezaphanzayo ukuzinzisa le meko kweli lizwe. Ekwindla ka 1991 iinzame yokuguqula ukubangisana wangaphambili ibe Confederation of CCV, leyo eyaphela ngo ukusilela.

Imingeni ephambili ejamelene kwisigaba sesine ngokutsha, ekwabizwa ngokuba post-perestroika, yaba ukutshona USSR kunye nokusungulwa ubudlelwane phakathi republic elalisakuba yiSoviet Union. eneneni Le njongo kwaphunyelelwa kwi Bialowieza Ihlathi kwintlanganiso iinkokeli Russia, Ukraine ne Belarus. Kamva bajoyine uninzi lwezinye republic izivumelwano Belavezha.

Ekupheleni kuka-1991, i-USSR akusekho kude ngokusesikweni abasekho.

iziphumo

Siye sifunde kule nkqubo uthatha indawo kwi-USSR ngexesha perestroika (1985-1991), ngokufutshane izizathu amanqanaba lo mmangaliso. Ngoku lixesha lokuba uthethe malunga neziphumo.

Okokuqala kufuneka kuthiwa ngokuwa ukuba eve ubunzima ngokutsha yiSoviet Union (1985-1991). Iziphumo ze zombini abenzi-nkqubo kunye nelizwe ngokubanzi iye yaba yedanisayo. Eli lizwe yahlulwe ithi eziliqela ezizimeleyo, ungquzulwano axhobileyo waqala kwezinye kubo, kwakukho ukuhla ezinkulu in nezalathisi zoqoqosho, iye yavezwa ngokupheleleyo ingcamango wamaKomanisi, kwaye Party wamaKomanisi sisusiwe.

Kodwa neenjongo eziphambili ebekwe yi ngokutsha, khange kufikelelwe. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, isimo sibi nangakumbi. Le positives kuphela inokubonwa kuphela ngokwentando yesininzi kuluntu kwaye imvelaphi lobudlelwane emarikeni. ESoviet Union ngexesha lolungelelwaniso 1985-1991 yi kaRhulumente ukuba angabi nako ukumelana nemingeni bangaphakathi kunye nabangaphandle.