Uphando ngesimo: iintlobo, injongo kunye nenzaliseko

Abantu abaninzi emva izicwangciso lokuzifumanela umhlaba ukuba siqhubele phambili ngokwakhela phezu kwaso ikhaya ikhefu, ukusekwa yorhwebo okanye nokwakha injongo ethile esebenza. Ngawaphi amaxwebhu afunekayo usebenziswano onjalo? Kuqala kwinto zonke, isicwangciso kunye dimensions indawo kwezakhiwo kunye noqhagamshelwano, kunye zombini phantsi komhlaba. Sokubhalisa amaxwebhu olunjalo lwenziwa zophando-nzulu ngobume yesiza olunika ingcaciso epheleleyo malunga iimpawu ngengingqi kunye zayo ezihambelanayo eendawo.

Njengoko okungaphandle apha kusebenza emasimini, njengoko adla bathenga okanye eqeshwe ukukhula elandelayo zezityalo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokuphunyezwa kwazo kwakunye neevenkile. Noko ke, kwezinye iimeko, kwanokuba ukusetyenziswa loo Kucetyiswa ukuba umhlaba ukuhlola, ukuze kumiselwe eziqingqiweyo indawo zero. Kuyinto ngokuphathelele kulo kunokuba indawo kwi iimpawu zelizwe ezifana bevala, nasezindulini, izisele kunye nabanye.

imephu ngesimo - ntoni na?

Kuba izicwangciso ngqo okanye amacandelo iimephu yokuqala kwindawo wenziwe iseti ethile ngemisebenzi, nto leyo ebizwa ngokuba zophando-nzulu ngobume. Yonke imilinganiselo ngenxa kumkhawulela umgangatho kwaye zinikwe ngohlobo GOST eqhelekileyo 22268-76.

Kukho iindidi ezintathu vo emhlabeni:

- kuhlelwe;

- yokuphakama;

- zihlangene.

Ngokomzekelo, omnye othe tye (isicwangciso) uchaza uququzelelo kwendawo ngokumalunga ngaphantsi komhlaba, nkqo - ukuphakama kwezi ngongoma.

Ngesimo ivumela ukuba balinganise umgama ngqo inxalenye ethile ezimbombeni zaso njalo njalo. Ukuze wenze lo msebenzi usebenzisa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo.

imihlobo ucando

Ngokusekelwe isikali namhlanje, iintlobo ngesimo zilandelayo:

• Poderevnaya - oluqhutywa nokuhlaziya ngokutsa yomhlaba, ebonisa indawo ngqo ze imithi ikhula kwisicwangciso sebali.
• 1: 200 - mega. Lusetyenziswa nokuhlaziya ngokutsa izakhiwo kwaye ikuvumela ukufumana ubukhulu echanekileyo ezikhoyo kuyo izakhiwo kunye nezinye izinto.
• 1: 500 - "pyatisotke". Olu hlobo isetyenziselwa ukulungiselela imizobo eneenkcukacha kunye nesicwangciso inkosi ukuba indawo eziluncedo ukuba zikho endaweni yokwakha.
• 1: 2000 - ezinjalo isikali zophando-nzulu ngobume isetyenziselwa ukwenza izicwangciso namacebo zokuhlala (iilali nobumelwane ezisezidolophini) kunye namashishini amakhulu orhwebo.

Iintlobo ukuhlola ngokungqinelana nenkqubo

uphando ngesimo kungenziwa zohlulwa ngokwendidi, kuqwalaselwa izixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngethuba le misebenzi:

• theodolite - survey emhlabeni ezintsonkothileyo eyenzelwe ukufumana iinkcukacha metric iveliswa kusetyenziswa rangefinders kunye theodolite;
• stereotopographical - ebonakala ukufumana ulwazi lokuqala usebenzisa kwisibini stereo;
• bussolnaya ucando izixhobo eyenziwa ezifana rangefinders kunye ikhampasi;
• menzulnaya - eyenziwa yi ialidade owawusisibonakude kunye etafileni moya;
• ufoto lwasemoyeni - kukuvumela ukuba ufumane umfanekiso ofotiweyo, esebenzisa inqwelo-moya;
• digital - inkqubo yokufumana umfanekiso enombala, apho kamva wasiwa medium ethile;
• survey sonar inika ulwazi emazantsi amadama ezahlukeneyo, wenza sonar.

Injongo ukuhlola kunye geodetic imisebenzi

Ngaphambi kokuba kwakhiwe ngokuyimfuneko wenza imisebenzi geodetic, kwakunye ukudubula olulandelayo. I kuyimfuneko wokuqala ukufumana amanyathelo oluchanileyo imigama, eziphakamileyo kunye engile nokumisela indawo icandelo kunye nemida yalo ezihambelanayo zejografi. Kodwa ukuhlola professional yenziwa ukuze ukudala iimephu neetshathi zokwakha kunye nakwezinye iindawo. Ngalo ungakha echanileyo digital 3D-imodeli le ndawo. Le ngokudubula ngezinga elikhulu ezisetyenziswa ngokuxhaphakileyo. Ngenxa yakhe, ithuba ukuyila yolwabiwo, ukuhlaziya izicwangciso enkosini nokulungiselela imizobo.

Inkqubo ye ucando

Ukuba esakhiweni kuyimfuneko ukuze enze imisebenzi geodetic, ngoko kuyimfuneko ukwazi indlela yokwenza inkqubo enjalo ukwenza ngokuchanekileyo lonke uqeqesho oluyimfuneko. Ukwenza ukuhlola iqulathe izigaba ezininzi:

1. Preparatory. Kubanjwe izivumelwano, ukulungiselela amaxwebhu ayimfuneko kwaye batyelela abasemagunyeni abafanelekileyo ukuze bafumane imvume enze le misebenzi.
2. Field. Kweli nqanaba, lo mfanekiso ithinjiwe.
3. Isiphumo - ke linyathelo lokugqibela yokuqulunqa ingxelo yobuchule kunye nesicwangciso, kwakunye nokusiwa kumsebenzi owenziweyo.

Njengoko kubonakala ukusuka kwinqanaba lokugqibela, umthengi emva zonke zazo kuyimfuneko ufumana icebo lilungile ngesimo kunye nengxelo eneenkcukacha. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba iindleko zizonke kunye nomgangatho ukuhlola baxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwi mphandle ngomxholo kwindawo yayo, ngoko iinkonzo ukuhlola lokuqala Kucetyiswa ukuba ukubhukisha luphela. Kuphela kule meko iziphumo ezifunyenweyo lula uphumezo abanezakhono ezilandelayo ukuhlola.