Ukupheliswa serfdom eRashiya. Ziziphi nyaka ukupheliswa serfdom

status yobhaliso Legal ngokungqinelana abalimi ebizwa serfdom. Le meko luphawulwa ekuphuhliseni uluntu eMpuma naseNtshona Yurophu. Formation of serfdom onxulumene ngendaleko yonxulumano wobukhosi.

Imvelaphi serfdom eYurophu

Kakuhle eli ukuxhomekeka feudal abalimi ukusuka umnini olawula phezu serf ngamnye. Kungenzeka ukuthenga nokuthengisa, ukuba ukuthintela ukuhamba ngaphakathi elizweni okanye isixeko, nokuba ukulawula imiba lakhe lobuqu.

Njengoko kuphuhliswa ubudlelwane bondage, kuxhomekeke iimpawu kule ngingqi, kwaye serfdom wathabatha imilo kumazwe abohlukileyo ngamaxesha ahlukileyo. E Western Yurophu, oko wanamathela kumaXesha Aphakathi. ENgilani, eFransi, eJamani, serfdom wabhangiswa kwinkulungwane XVII. Uhlaziyo enxulumene inkululeko abalimi, osisityebi yiEnlightenment. EMpuma Central Yurophu - iingingqi apho ulwalamano feudal yathatha ixesha elide. E Poland, i-Czech Republic, Hungary serfdom wayeqalisa ukuthatha imilo kwi XV-XVI eminyaka. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, kule Nordic amazwe norms ekuxhomekekeni feudal abalimi ukusuka feudal kwaye zange ziphuhliswe.

Iimpawu kunye neemeko ukwakhiwa ukuxhomekeka feudal

Imbali serfdom ivumela ukuba ukulandela iimpawu uphawu inkqubo karhulumente yezentlalo apho buhlobo kwakheka kuxhomekeke abalimi ngabantu abazizityebi:

1. Ubukho kagunyaziwe enamandla engundoqo.
2. kuphakanyiswa loluntu ubunini.
3. Izinga eliphantsi lemfundo.

Ngelo kusekwangoko kakhulu kuphuhliso lweenjongo ubudlelwane feudal ekukhotyokisweni yaba umlimi uncamathiselo kwi iifama ezweni-mhlaba kunye nokuthintela ukubaleka kwabasebenzi. nemigangatho zomthetho elawula inkqubo ukuhlawula irhafu - ukunqongophala iintshukumo labemi lula ukuqokelelwa lerhafu. Phakathi nezithintelo feudalism kuphuhliswa isiya isohluka nangakumbi. Ngoku umlimi nje kuphela nokushukuma ngokuzimeleyo ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye, kodwa akazange abe ilungelo kunye nethuba lokuba ukuthenga ipropati, ilizwe kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule isixa esithile ukuya kuye ngenxa ilungelo ukusebenza kwiziza zakhe. Izithintelo ngokuba Ingxenye yokugcina abemi yommandla ezahlukeneyo kwaye zizakuxhomekeka iimpawu ekuphuhliseni uluntu.

Imvelaphi serfdom eRashiya

Inkqubo ekukhotyokisweni eRashiya - kwinqanaba imithetho zomthetho - yaqala ngenkulungwane XV. Rhoxisa ukuxhomekeka lobuqu yenziwa kamva ngaphezu kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Ngokutsho kubalo, inani ngamakhoboka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kweli lizwe ezahlukeneyo. abalimi kuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX baqala kancinci bafudukela kwezinye ngamafa.

Abaphandi bafuna ukuba imvelaphi kunye noonobangela serfdom eRashiya kwiziganeko kwexesha karhulumente Old Russian. Ndiyila nonxulumano lwentlalo eyenzekayo phantsi zokuba urhulumente enamandla esembindini - ubuncinane kule minyaka 100-200, ebudeni bolawulo Vladimira Velikogo kunye Yaroslava Mudrogo. Umzimba engundoqo imithetho xesha "Russian Inyaniso". Sasiqulethe amalungiselelo eyayilawula ubudlelwane abalimi simahla kwaye unfree kunye nabanini-mhlaba. Associates babengamakhoboka, nabakhonzi, ukuthenga, ryadovichi - zawa yangamakhoboka phantsi kweemeko ezahlukileyo. Yaba smerdy kangako - ke bandihlawula irhafu yaye banelungelo elizweni.

Lwethathari ukuwubona kunye feudal nokuqhekeka intsimbi ebangela ukubola Rus. Umhlaba kanye karhulumente emanyeneyo yaba yinxalenye Poland, Lithuania, impangele. amalinge ezintsha yenziwa ekukhotyokisweni kwinkulungwane XV.

Ukuqala ekumisweni ukuxhomekeka feudal

In XV-XVI iinkulungwane kwi kummandla elalisakuba Rus kwasekwa inkqubo manorial. Umfama wasebenzisa ngamayelenqe umnini womhlaba phantsi ngokwemiqathango yesivumelwano. Ngokomthetho, yena wayeyindoda free. Umlimi ukubaleka kumnikazi kwenye indawo, kodwa ukuze amgxothe ayenzekanga xesha. Ngomda kuphela - kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ashiye ilizwe de iya kuhlawula kumnini.

Lilinge lokuqala ukunciphisa amalungelo abalimi esenziwa Ivan III. "Sudebnik" umbhali liyamkele lenguqu ukuya kwamanye amazwe kuba kwiveki ngaphambi nasemva koSuku eSt George kaThixo. Ngowe-1581 umthetho wakhutshwa owalela ukukhululwa abalimi kwiminyaka ethile. Kodwa oku baqhoboshele ukuba kwindawo ethile. Ummiselo ka November 1597 zaye imfuneko ukubuyela kubasebenzi wesakhiwo esigama. Ngowe-1613 amandla e impangele weza Romanov ubukhosi - andayo zophendlo kunye ukubuya engalawulekiyo.

Malunga the Code Council

Ziziphi serfdom nyaka kaYonatan ngokusesikweni norm ngokusemthethweni? Ngokusesikweni, ubume obesondliwa abalimi yavunywa yi-Code liBhunga 1649. Uxwebhu wayehluke kakhulu ukusuka izenzo zangaphambili. Code is ingcamango ephambili kummandla wolawulo we-mhlaba kunye nobudlelwane nabalimi yaba ukuze ivalwe le yokugqibela ukuba afudukele kwezinye iidolophu kunye needolophana. Njengoko indawo sokuhlala intsimi yokugcina apho umntu ahlala phezu kwiziphumo zobalo lwe nenani-1620. Omnye umahluko osisiseko phakathi imimiselo lwekhowudi komthetho - nesityholo ukuba ukhangelo mbaleki iba elingenammiselo. abalimi ilungelo ukunciphisa - uxwebhu phantse kulinganiswa ukuba ukuxelela abalimi. abasebenzi basezifama fanele ku Mnu

Qala of serfdom - uthotho imiqathango kwi intshukumo. Kodwa kwakukho kunye nemigaqo ekhusela nalwazelelelo lo mhlaba. Umlimi akhalaze okanye ukumangalela, ayikwazanga singayi kususwa ilizwe nje ukujongana namanenekazi.

Ngokubanzi, le mithetho onakele serfdom. Iminyaka uphumile ukugqiba inkqubo yobhaliso ye uxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo wobukhosi.

Imbali serfdom eRashiya

Emva kokuba Code iBhunga wabonakala amaxwebhu eziliqela,, awayinyulayo ubume abalimi zixhomekeke. Ekugqibeleni, zincamathele kwindawo ethile zerhafu yokuhlala hlengiso 1718-1724 xesha. Ngokuthe ngcembe izithintelo zikhokelele kuyilo imeko ngamakhoboka abantu abalimi. Ngowe-1747, abanini banikwa ilungelo lokuthengisa kwamalungu abo umsebenzi, yaye omnye iminyaka eli-13 - kuthunyelwa ekuthinjweni eSiberia.

Ekuqaleni, umlimi kwafuneka ithuba isikhalazo kwi-mhlaba, kodwa wayekunye 1767 irhoxisiwe. Ngowe-1783-m serfdom twa kummandla Ekhohlo-Bank Ukraine. Yonke imithetho, engqina ukuxhomekeka feudal, ukukhusela kuphela amalungelo mhlaba.

Nawaphi na amaxwebhu ezijoliswe ekuphuculeni imeko abalimi, enyanisweni zingahoywa. NoPawulos umyalelo iintsuku ezintathu serfdom, kodwa eneneni imisebenzi yathatha iintsuku 5-6. Ukususela ngowe-1833 benani ufumene ilungelo esinyanzelwa ngokusemthethweni alahle ubomi ngayo le serf.

Amanqanaba serfdom lavunyelwa ukuba ihlole zonke iziganeko ekufumaneni nokuxhomekeka Sasungulwa.

Ngomhla olwandulela kuphuculo

Inkqubo serf ezaqala ukuba wavakalelwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII. Le meko olwathi inkqubela oluntu kunye nophuhliso ubudlelwane nkulu. Serfdom yaba udonga esahlula Russia evela kumazwe oluphucukileyo of Europe.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba kwakungekho ukuxhomekeka feudal kwi yonke indawo kweli lizwe. Serfdom wayengekho eCaucasus, eMpuma Ekude, kumaphondo Asia. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX uyekwa e Courland, Livonia. Alexander I wakhupha umyalelo phezu abalimi free. Injongo ukuphungula uxinzelelo kwi abalimi.

Nicholas Ndenza inzame ukudala umsebenzi owawuza ukuphuhlisa uxwebhu ewubhangisile serfdom. Ukuphelisa hlobo, ngokuxhomekeka abaqeshisi kumthwalo. Lo mlawuli wayalela abanini ngexesha inkululeko abalimi ukuba amnike ilizwe ukuba bamlingene. Isiphumo soku mthetho zaziwa - abaqeshisi bayeka ukuba akhulule ngamakhoboka.

Zalisa kokuphathwa serfdom eRashiya iza kwenziwa unyana ka uNicholas I - Alexander II.

Izinto ezibangela Reform Agrarian

Serfdom olwathi uphuhliso karhulumente. Ukupheliswa serfdom eRashiya iye yaba yimfuneko zembali. Ngokungafaniyo kwamazwe aseYurophu, eRashiya kushishino kwakhiwa ngaphantsi norhwebo. Isizathu sokuba leyo ukunqongophala inkuthazo kunye nomdla lwabasebenzi zemisebenzi yabo. Serfdom yaba kusisithintelo kuphuhliso lobudlelwane lwemarike kunye nokuzaliswa revolution yezoshishino. Kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu iye yaphela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX ngempumelelo.

Wobukhosi uqoqosho omnini ekwakheni ubudlelwane yayeka ukuba olusebenzayo - ke sezishiywe lixesha kwaye ayihambelani yokwenene zembali. Serf yezemisebenzi zange ukuzithethelela ngokwayo. Isithuba oxhomekeke abalimi ngokupheleleyo anqunyulwe amalungelo abo yaye yaba ngunobangela imvukelo. ukunganeliseki Social bakhula. ngokutsha ezidingwa serfdom. akhuphe isigqibo efuna indlela yobungcali.

Isiganeko esibalulekileyo, iziphumo apho ukulungiswa 1861, lo iCrimea kweMfazwe, apho eRashiya wahlulwa. imiba yezentlalo kunye nokusilela nkqubo amazwe zibonisa ukuba inkqubo balala emqokozweni basekhaya angaphandle.

Imibono of serfdom

Abongikazi serfdom evakaliswe abaninzi ababhali, abezopolitiko, abahloli, iinkcuba. inkcazelo sinengqondo yobomi abalimi zazihlolwa. Ukususela ekuqalekeni ubukho serfdom bekukho izimvo ezimbalwa kwi-akhawunti yakhe. Yindlela esiwaphawula malunga ezimbini eziphambili. Abanye babecinga ipatheni ulwalamano olunjalo kwinkqubo karhulumente monarchical. Serfdom ngokuba ngenxa conditioner ngokwembali kobudlelwane oosolusapho, ilincedo kwimfundo abemi kunye nemfuno engxamisekileyo uphuhliso ngokupheleleyo ngempumelelo kwezoqoqosho. Okwesibini, iphambene yowokuqala, ukuma uthetha ukuxhomekeka feudal njengoko buyinto kakubi. Serfdom, ngokutsho abalandeli kombono, utshabalalisa awona kwezentlalo kunye nenkqubo yezopolitiko kunye noqoqosho zeli lizwe. Abaxhasi kwindawo yesibini ingabizwa Herzen, Aksakov. Publication A. Savelyev uphika naziphi na izinto ezimbi serfdom. Umbhali ubhala ukuba iingxelo malunga lwentlekele abalimi bakude inyaniso. Ukuhlaziywa ka-1861 nayo eyenziwe ncomo mixed.

Development Reform Project

UMlawuli Alexander II okokuqala wathetha malunga nokwenzeka emva kokuyekiswa serfdom ngo ngo1856. emva konyaka omnye, le komiti khona, nto leyo ukuphuhlisa iiprojekthi zohlaziyo. Kwakugcwele enabantu abayi-11. IKhomishoni waqukumbela ukuba kuyimfuneko ukwenza iikomiti ezizodwa kwiphondo ngalinye. Kufuneka ufunde imeko emhlabeni, ukuze enze izilungiso kunye neengcebiso. Ngowe-1857, le projekthi iye ngokusemthethweni. Eyona ingcamango isicwangciso yantlandlolo ukupheliswa serfdom - ekupheliseni ukuxhomekeka buqu, lo gama kugcinwe amalungelo umhlaba mhlaba. Ibonelela ixesha lenguqu ngenxa kukhubazeko yoluntu izitshintshe. Ukupheliswa kunokwenzeka of serfdom eRashiya iye yadala ukudideka abanini medium. IKomiti elalisandul 'ukusekwa kwakhona yaqhutywa umzabalazo ngeenxa zonke iimeko utshintsho. Ngowe-1858 kwagqitywa ukudambisa uxinzelelo kubalimi, ukuba ukurhoxisa ukuxhomekeka. Le projekthi yimpumelelo kuphuhliswa Y. Rostovtsev. Le program ibonelela ukupheliswa ukuxhomekeka buqu, nokukhusela Iexesha Ienguqu, ubonelelo komhlaba abalimi. Abezopolitiko Conservative akazange ayithande le projekthi - bafuna ukunciphisa amalungelo abalimi kunye nobukhulu zorhwebo. Ngowe-1860, emva kokufa Y. Rostovtsev, iinkqubo zophuhliso baxoxa V. Panin.

Iziphumo seminyaka eliqela yomsebenzi neekomiti idale isiseko ukupheliswa serfdom. 1861 kwimbali weRashiya waba njengebhakana ngandlela zonke.

Esi sibhengezo 'Manifesto "

Le projekthi yokuvuselelwa kwemihlaba yenza isiseko i "Manifesto emva kokuyekiswa serfdom." Okubhaliweyo kule xwebhu incedise "Regulations on abalimi" - ukuba ichazwe ngokweenkcukacha zonke ubuqili ezentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho. Ukupheliswa serfdom eRashiya yabanjwa -19 Februwari 1861 ngonyaka. Ngale mini, * uKhesare utyikitye kupapasho-kwaye ivule kuyo.

inkqubo uxwebhu uyekwa serfdom. iminyaka Non-okuqhubekayo ubudlelwane feudal ngaphambili. Ubuncinane ukuba abaninzi into ingcinga.

Eyona engundoqo amalungiselelo lolu xwebhu:

• Abalimi bafumana inkululeko, kwakusithiwa "enyanzelekile okwethutyana."
• Owayesakuba ngamakhoboka ingaba impahla, ilungelo self-government.
• Abalimi ngaphandle lo mhlaba, kodwa bekufanele ukusebenza uze uhlawule oko. Ngokucacileyo, le ngamakhoboka wangaphambili akukho imali yokuthenga, ngoko ke into igama ngokusesikweni ukuxhomekeka lobuqu.
• Ubukhulu iziza lizwe emiswe benani.
• Abanini bafumana isiqinisekiso evela kuRhulumente ilungelo imicimbi yentlawulelo. Ngenxa yoko, izibophelelo zemali ebekwe phantsi abalimi.

Ngezantsi, ingqalelo sakho siya kucelwa ukuba etafileni "Serfdom:. Ukupheliswa ukuxhomekeka personal" Makhe sihlolisise izinto ezilungileyo nezingalunganga kuphuculo.

HIV	negative
Ukufumana amalungelo lobuqu	Kwakukho nezithintelo iintshukumo
Ilungelo lokungena ngokukhululekileyo emtshatweni, kurhwebo, ukuba angenise izikhalazo enkundleni, lokuba nezinto ezizezakhe	Ukunqongophala kwamathuba ukuthenga umhlaba okunene ubuyela indawo serf umlimi
Ukuvela iziseko zophuhliso unxulumano market	benani ilungelo ukubeka ngaphezu amalungelo evulekileyo
	Nabalimi belizwe abazange akathandi kusebenza, akazange akwazi ukungena njani emarikeni. Njengoko umnikazi babengazi ukuba siphile ngayo ngaphandle ngamakhoboka
	intlawulelo eqolo umhlaba isabelo
	Formation loluntu lwasemaphandleni. Wayengekho into kuphuhliso komphakathi

1861 kwimbali Russian yaba unyaka impumelelo iziseko zentlalo. ubudlelwane wobukhosi ukuba ezisisigxina uluntu wayengasakwazi luncedo. Kodwa kuhlaziyo ngokwaneleyo Bacinge, ngoko kwaba nemiphumo ezininzi ezimbi.

Russia emva zokulungisa

Imiphumo serfdom, ezifana ukungafuni ukuba neentlobano longxowankulu yaye ntlekele kuzo zonke iiklasi, thetha ngalo ngesiquphe kunye crudity utshintsho. Kuphuculo yamafama waphendula ukwenza ezinkulu-scale. Imvukelo itshayelwe amaphondo ezininzi. Ngo-1861 kwakukho ezingaphezu kwama-1000 noqhankqalazo.

Imiphumela emibi emva kokuyekiswa serfdom, leyo ayachaphazeleka ngokulinganayo kunye abaqeshisi, kwaye abalimi, nefuthe loqoqosho kwi urhulumente akakakulungeli ukutshintsha eRussia. Ukuhlaziywa uyekwa inkqubo ixesha elide akhoyo nobudlelwane kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho, kodwa akazange adale i uvimba weenkcukacha kunye sicebise ngeendlela kuphuhliso oluqhubekayo lwe-lizwe kwindawo entsha. nabalimi abahlwempuzekileyo ngoku zitshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo, kwaye ukucudiswa abaqeshisi kunye neemfuno ongxowankulu ezikhulayo. Isiphumo yaba deceleration kuphuhliso yobungxowankulu eli lizwe.

Reform akukho kukhululwa serfdom ye abalimi, kodwa wathatha kuphela ithuba labo lokugqibela ukondla iintsapho zabo ngeendleko benani sinyanzelekile ngumthetho ukuba ngamakhoboka azo. nemfuyo yabo sehlile xa kuthelekiswa ne-pre-guqula. Endaweni okubafaneleyo, leyo baqhuba kule ndawo, kwakukho iintlawulo enkulu ngesimilo ezahlukeneyo. Kuluntu lwasemaphandleni limka phantse ngokupheleleyo ilungelo lokusebenzisa amahlathi, amadlelo kunye namachibi. Abalimi ayekhona engenamandla kwilifa eyahlukileyo. Kwaye kunjalo ke kuthathwa akhoyo kubekho ulawulo lomthetho okhethekileyo.

Le benani kwakhona ubunzima kakhulu ilahleko ngenxa yokuba kuphuculo iye kuphela umdla yabo yezoqoqosho. Yedwa abalimi nya ithuba ukusetyenziswa simahla elidlulileyo sokuphuhlisa kwezolimo. Enyanisweni, abaqeshisi linyanzeliswe ukuba linike amafama nobunini mhlaba isabelo. Utshintsho izinto eziphikisanayo ezahlukeneyo kunye ezingenasigxina, ukungabikho izisombululo phambili uphuhliso loluntu kunye nonxulumano phakathi kwamakhoboka zangaphambili kunye abaqeshisi. Kodwa ke, ekugqibeleni, ixesha elitsha zembali, leyo ziyakubaluleka progressive uyaziwa.

ngokutsha yamahlwempu yayibaluleke kakhulu lokuqulunqa phambili kunye nophuhliso yonxulumano zongxowankulu eRashiya. Phakathi iziphumo ezihle iyakwazi ukuphawula oku kulandelayo:

• Emva kokuba inkululeko abalimi kwabakho trend kakhulu ekukhuleni korhwebo zabasebenzi non-zobungcali.

• Uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo zoshishino kushishino kunye nezolimo iye yaphuhliswa ngokubonelela a serf yangaphambili amalungelo oluntu kunye nempahla. amalungelo Estate yezikhulu emhlabeni sele ziphelisiwe, kwaye ithuba lokuthengisa iziza umhlaba.

• Ukuhlaziywa ka-1861 yaba ukuze basindise ekonakaleni lwemali abaqeshisi, njengoko urhulumente wathabatha phezu namatyala olumbaxa iintlawulo ngentlawulelo amafama.

• Ukupheliswa serfdom wakhonza njengemfuneko kulwenziwo lwe-siseko zenzelwe ukuqinisekisa abantu inkululeko yabo, namalungelo kunye noxanduva. Le njongo iphambili endleleni eya inguqulelo ukusuka neNgonyama ngokupheleleyo ukuya siseko, oko kukuthi - ulawulo lomthetho, apho abemi ubomi imithetho esebenzayo, yaye wonke ubani unikwa banelungelo lokhuselo lobuqu ethembekileyo.

• zokwakha Active-mveliso ezintsha kunye nezityalo kukhokelele kwinto yokuba waqalisa ukuphuhlisa inkqubela kade zobugcisa.

ixesha Post-zokubuyisela ukomelezwa indawo abalaseleyo oohlohlesakhe kunye ukudilika kwezoqoqosho buthathaka asebukhosini, nelawulwa ngxi ngurhulumente kunye ngokuqinileyo sibambelele ngamandla, nto leyo negalelo utshintsho kade uhlobo nkulu yolawulo.

Ngelo xesha kukho ukuvela kwesigaba njengeklasi eyahlukileyo. Ukupheliswa serfdom eRashiya kwalandelwa Zemstvo (1864), isixeko (1870), inkundla (1864), emkhosini (1874) ohlaziya luncedo oongxowankulu. Injongo yezi nguqu mthetho babeyiguqulela ulawulo lokusebenza kunye nezolawulo eRashiya e ukuthotyelwa komthetho kunye nezakhiwo ezintsha asakhulayo ekuhlaleni, apho izigidi abalimi bakhululekileyo wayefuna ukufumana ilungelo lokuba sibizwe ngokuba abantu.