Abalimi Free - kwiklasi ekhethekileyo Russia

Russia kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba kwafuneka ukusombulula imiba emibini ebalulekileyo engundoqo. Aye aba kwi-ajenda ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ochaphazelekayo serfdom kunye lobuzwilakhe.

Izigqibo ze tsar Russian

Alexander I sense uthotho yimizamo yokusombulula ngandlel 'umbuzo yamahlwempu yaba mlonyeni. Kakade ke, zinxulumene ikakhulu nemimiselo 1801 kunye 1803 kaThixo. Eyokuqala wenza kube lula kumafama Russian nangokomyinge nezinye nemihlaba ukuthenga umhlaba wabo, ngaleyo ndlela angagcina lodwa ekhoyo yezikhulu kwi ilifa kwipropati. Okwesibini, esi sehlayo waya embalini njenge "ummiselo kubalimi ezamahala", ibiya ukuba ukumisela umyalelo ekukhululweni okanye ashiye amafama kunye ilizwe. Recent yoko kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule kwabanini ngentlawulelo ngezavenge, ngokwenjenjalo ekufumaneni impahla kwenye nesabelo.

Kubulungisa kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba lo myalelo ukuba ukusebenzisa iiyunithi kuphela nje ezimbalwa. Ngaloo kweli nyathelo zange kuchaphazela kanye ukusebenza kwenkqubo serfdom.

Ebudeni beminyaka ye wokulawula Alexander Wokuqala ezahlukeneyo ongazikhetha okuphakanyiswe ukusombulula le ngxaki kunokuba ezintsonkothileyo, kodwa zibalulekile. Iiprojekthi inkululeko abalimi wenyusa Mordvinov Arakcheyev, Guriev kunye Kankrin.

umbuzo Sasungulwa

Nangona isibakala sokuba ukususela 1801, kwabemi, abarhwebi kunye nabalimi urhulumente sele wayevunyelwa ukuba athenge okanye athengise umhlaba eyintlango, imeko yangoku eRussia kakhulu aziphethe ngayo. Qho ngonyaka yena waba sibi. A serf ngexesha ayisasebenzi kahle. Ngaphezu koko, le imeko abalimi ukumqumbisa luyambombozela hayi kuphela ngokwabo. Baba aneliseke kunye nabameli bezinye iiklasi. Kodwa ukuvala serfdom , urhulumente tsarist nangona kunjalo akazange abe nobuganga: asebukhosini, welifa yokuba ilungelo, ingqalelo inkxaso engundoqo soMhlekazi, likhankanya yaphikisana tshintsho ezinjalo. Ngoko ke, ukumkani kwafuneka ukulalanisa, olawula phakathi inkanuko elite kunye neemfuno zoqoqosho.

Unyaka 1803: "Ndiwise umthetho phezu abalimi ezamahala"

Kwafuneka ziyakubaluleka yembono kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba iRussia. Ngapha koko, ukuba lo wokuqala kwimbali zagunyaziswa ukuba uxolo amafama kunye yomhlaba ekuziphindezeleni intlawulelo. Esi sikhundla icandelo ephambili kuphuculo 1861 kunyaka olandelayo. Samkelwa wamashumi amabini ka-Februwari 1803, "umthetho phezu kubalimi ezamahala" kunikwa ithuba lokuba abalimi ukuba akhulule zombini kwiidolophana ngabanye kwaye iphela, yaye kunyanzelekile sabelwa umhlaba. Ngokuba intando yabo, kwafuneka ukuba ahlawulele okanye enze imisebenzi. Ukuba izibophelelo amafama ithotyelwe, baza babuyela mhlaba. Class ukuba efunyenweyo iya oko ogama mahala. Noko ke, imbali ngendlela beza abalimi simahla. Ukususela ngo 1848, baqala ukubiza abalimi karhulumente. Baya kuba amandla engundoqo uqhuba emva kuphuhliso izithuba ezivulekileyo kunye nezibonelelo eSiberia.

Ukuphunyezwa kummiselo ubomi

Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-elinethoba ngenxa yalo mthetho baye bakhululwa phantse ikhulu kunye nabalimi-lamawaka amadoda amahlanu. Kulo mzekelo, ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba iziphumo "ummiselo kubalimi ezamahala" ebisebenza eRashiya ngaphezu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane, baba encinane kakhulu.

Baye bawela kwiklasi ekhethekileyo, "abalimi ezamahala" ngoku nenzelwe kwaye alahle ilizwe labo. Lakwazi izibophelelo kuphela ukuze kuxhamle karhulumente Russian. Noko ke, ngokutsho manani, kuzo zonke ebukumkanini Alexander ekubhobhozeni yabo wadlula ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha ekhulwini inani elipheleleyo ngamakhoboka.

Ngokomzekelo, ukususela 1804 ukuya 1805 kummandla ka Baltic nabalimi belizwe dvorohozyaevam nangona banikwe inkululeko, kodwa ngenxa wawanika ngamayelenqe lifa mihlaba, kwafuneka ukuba baqhubeke kuluthwala ugwebo, nokuba serfdom, kunye neentlawulo zengqesho. Ngaphezu koko, abalimi free azikhutshwa ukusuka yokugaya.

ngumba

Ukongeza izizathu ngentla, omnye magazini "Ndiwise umthetho ngayo kubalimi ezamahala" yaba isiganeko kakhulu ezithile. Bala Sergei Rumyantsev, eyaziwa ngokuba imibono yakhe, wavakalisa umnqweno wakhe ukukhulula ezinye ngamakhoboka azo, kunye nomhlaba. Kwangaxeshanye, wabeka phambili imeko ukuba abalimi ukuhlawulela iziza zabo. Oku ongaka Rumyantsev ubhenele kuMhlekazi isicelo Count, ukuba azivumele ukuba baxhase yingisela.

Eli tyala yaba yimfuneko ukuba Alexander ekhuphe Ndiwise mfuduko, emva koko eRashiya yaye abalimi simahla.

izinto umthetho

Umthetho lwamanqaku alishumi sele yenziwe, awathi:

1. Le Wayengakwazi enfranchise nabalimi zabo elizweni. Ngelo xesha kwakufuneka thethana nabantu inqaba yayo phezu kweemeko ngentlawulelo kunye nezibophelelo zawo izityholo.
2. Izibophelelo kuyo ukuba amalungiselelo, isandla, nasinikela.
3. Xa umfama angawenzi, yena nentsapho yakhe kwafuneka abuyele emhlabeni ngokunxulumene umnini-mhlaba.
4. ngamakhoboka ekhulula kwafuneka ngokuba simahla.
5. Free wabalimi banelungelo ukuba kwiklasi ezahlukeneyo: ukuba amagcisa okanye abarhwebi, etc ...
6. Indlela bulali kunye nabalimi karhulumente sanyanzeleka ukuba ahlawule irhafu kurhulumente. Ngelo xesha linye ke kwafuneka enze emkhosini.
7. Umgwebi amafama bawubonise kwiziko elinye njengoko abalimi karhulumente.
8. ngamakhoboka wobulali uzalisekise izibophelelo zabo abaqeshisi, ngokukhululekileyo ukulahla zorhwebo kwabo ilizwe. Kwakhona ukuhamba ukuhlala kwamanye amaphondo, isaziso Exchequer kwangethuba.
9. Free abalimi bafumana isimo ekunene.
10. Ukuba umfama umhlaba, okanye yena elele, ngoko ke ngokwesicelo somnini yangaphambili wathabatha phezu ityala kunye imvume otyalwayo ngayo.

Ndimele ndithi ukuba umnini akakwazi ukuthatha uncedo ukufumana ilungelo, ngoko ke umthetho waba iingcebiso kuphela kwindalo kunye ayisosinyanzelo.