Transport - ntoni na? Iindidi nezithuthi nenjongo

Movement kwabantu kunye nempahla - imfuneko ngokupheleleyo ukuba uluntu. Eyisebenzisa, kukho izixhobo ezikhethekileyo - ezothutho. Yintoni na efana nokuba umntwana owaziyo. Noko ke, le yinkqubo entsonkothileyo ukuba ifuna ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo.

ukuba nombono

Ngokwembono indlela ebanzi, ebizwa ingqiqo kunokubonwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Isambuku zonke iindlela ezikhoyo yokuhambisa.
2. Sector yoqoqosho kunye nemveliso.
3. System ukuhlanganiswa zonke iindlela zothutho kunye nezibonelelo ezinxulumene nazo.

Ngengqiqo ngokubanzi yezothutho ngayo:

• ikhonkco phakathi izixeko, amazwe amazwekazi;
• i ingxenye main nayiphi na imveliso;
• kuthetha intshukumo yabantu, kwakunye nokunika izinto ezibalulekileyo.

Njengoko nemveliso kushishino, ngayo:

• yenjongosenzi yabasebenzi --traffic ngokoqobo;
• kuthetha yabasebenzi - kaloliwe;
• umsebenzi eqhubekayo - ulawulo.

imisebenzi

Kuthathelwa ingqalelo imfuneko ngokupheleleyo ngayo, Transportation wangena kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. Kuyinto sizalwa ezahlukeneyo nemisebenzi:

1. Economic. Kusebenza njengendlela yabasebenzi ekuveliseni nolungiso izimbiwa zikarhulumente: ioli, igesi, amalahle, nezentsimbi ekrwada kunye amatye anqabileyo. Kwenza imveliso kunokwenzeka kwaye ziyafumaneka ezikhethekileyo kunye ngentsebenziswano yabo. Yeyona ikhonkco ephambili kurhwebo lwasekhaya kunye ngamazwe naliphi na ilizwe.
2. Social. Oku kubonakala ekunikeni amathuba ukuze baphile, basebenze badlale kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zezo lali, eli lizwe, eli lizwekazi, umhlaba kunye lula umntu ukusebenza.
3. ukubaluleka Cultural kukukwazi babelane ngamava kunye neenqobo, tyelela naliphi na iindawo abazizityebi ngokwenkcubeko, kongezwe imisebenzi emitsha zobugcisa.
4. Indima kwezopolitiko kukuba ukuseka ubudlelwane ngezizwe kunye norhwebo.
5. Military - ukuqinisekisa umkhosi ithuba iintshukumo elinoxolo bexhobile, ukhathalelo lwempilo kunye nesondlo.

Ngenxa yoko, kungakhathaliseki uhlobo kunye neempawu, izithuthi yinxalenye ebalulekileyo karhulumente kunye noluntu.

ngezigaba

lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe ngamaqela amabini eziphambili Zonke iindlela ezikhoyo ze zothutho: kulwimi kwimisebenzi ephambili, indawo nkonzo.

Kuxhomekeka kokusingqongileyo, kukho la maqela alandelayo neendidi:

1. Ground: rail, ivili.
2. Zaphantsi (komhlaba).
3. Air (umoya).
4. Space.
5. Amanzi kwamanzi.
6. Mome.

Bubunjani kwicandelo lenkonzo, ahluka:

1. zezithuthi zikawonke-wonke.
2. mali ekhethekileyo injongo.
3. bazisebenzise Real.

Izithuthi zikawonke iseti lizisa kaloliwe ukwenzela ukuhanjiswa kweempahla nabantu, ejolise ekuphumezeni ngqo nemisebenzi yabo yezoqoqosho, ezentlalo, ezenkcubeko, kwaye maxa wambi ezopolitiko.

Iintlobo ibalulekileyo iinketho zezithuthi zikawonke ziquka kaloliwe, indlela, amanzi, umoya kunye nezithuthi umbhobho. Yintoni nganye amaqela limela, siya kujonga elilandelayo.

Ihashe ezirhuqwa amahashe zothutho

Cartage tranport ingaqatshelwa kwase zonke izithuthi komhlaba. Ukususela kudala ngenkulungwane XX, lenza yonke imisebenzi ehambelana kwicandelo lothutho lwangoku. Ngelo efanayo ixesha waba umfutho iindlela ngakumbi ithekhinoloji phambili kunye nemveliso ukuba imithwalo kunye abakhweli.

Kuxhomekeka neempawu indawo, isetyenziswa amahashe, iidonki, iinkomo, iindlovu, ixhama, izinja, neenkamela. Izilwanyana esetyenziselwa zokukhwela okanye nokukhokelwa yokuthutha iilori, neenqwelo, neenqwelwana.

izithuthi Horse esetyenziselwa off-kwendlela (iintaba, iintlango, hlathi) - izilwanyana ngemiqulu emqolo babo ngenxa leashes.

Ngophuhliso kaloliwe kunye ngasendleleni, waya ngokuthe ngcembe ngaphandle umsebenzi kawonke wonke ngokuya kwi ukusetyenziswa zabucala ezinqabileyo.

izithuthi amanzi

izithuthi ulwandle Water - kananjalo iingcambu yamandulo, ebhekisela emva III-II nkulungwane BC .. e., yaye kuphela kwendlela eya aphumeze urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye namazwe ukoyisa phesheya.

Namhlanje, ibe isasazwa phezu kolwandle kunye nomlambo. izinto zawo ziquka:

• ngaphantsi amandla ebiza kunokuba kaloliwe zendlela;
• Akukho mfuneko yokuba kwakhiwe iindlela zonxibelelwano;
• amathuba yezithuthi ezingezo-engxamisekileyo imithwalo enkulu phezu imigama emide, ngokunjalo, apho ulwakhiwo inzima okanye esixabiso likhulu kakhulu kwo.

nobubi:

1. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zemozulu.
2. Speed Low.
3. Ixabiso eliphezulu zolwakhiwo namazibuko kunye amachweba.
4. Amathuba zikhawulelwe imilambo cross-emlanjeni.

Into ebalulekileyo yokuphatha imisebenzi yimfuneko ukuba ukubandakanyeka iintlobo ezininzi zezithuthi kwizibonelelo omnye kwizibuko, oko kukuthi, indlela kwanezo zisebenzisa umzila.

izithuthi Rail

Ingaba isiphazamiso ezithwala zothutho, olusekelwe phezu ukuhanjiswa kaloliwe phezu iindlela ngokukhethekileyo axhotyiswe - komzila. enobuhle:

1. Jikelele, kungakhathaliseki iimeko zemozulu, kunye nokuthembeka.
2. impahla High kunye nomthamo umkhweli evumela ukuba uqonde indlela ukuhamba kwemali ezinkulu nggamathuba ixesha elincinane.
3. Ukuba nokwenzeka eziziswe ngqo ukusuka kumvelisi, kunye iindlela ukufikelela efanelekileyo.
4. undithamsanqelisile.
5. Comfort ezithwala uhambo.

Xa siqwalasela iintlobo zezithuthi imithwalo, umzila kaloliwe iyakhula izikhundla ephambili kwezothutho ayikho ezixabisekileyo, umthwalo oversized, kuquka iinkuni, ingqolowa, amalahle, izixhobo zokwakha, iimveliso ushishino oyile nokusulungekiswa. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, sebenzisa kwiikhonteyina.

nobubi:

1. ezinkulu nokuntsonkotha ukwakhiwa zobunjineli kweendlela kunye kaloliwe.
2. Le ulwalathiso limited kaloliwe uhlela kunye nentshukumo ngaxeshanye imixube eziliqela.
3. Phantse kusoloko kufuna uthethathethwano lwangaphambili okanye olandelayo izithuthi siboniswe iindleko zizonke.
4. Ubunzima kulayishwa kunye nokothula.
5. zokuhamba International kudla kuthityazwa umahluko umkhondo ububanzi.

Impahla kuna ingeniso 40-50% eRashiya 15-20% - kwimarike zehlabathi. Efanayo esemotweni eRashiya yi-30%, kwaye 10 - bonke ehlabathini. Ngenxa yoko, zokuhamba olusebenzayo noluthembakeleyo.

Yintoni a kaloliwe umphunga - uyaziwa ookhokho bethu. Namhlanje, ikamva lakhe - kuba umbane imizila kaloliwe. Ukphuculwa Railways kunye kaloliwe kunye intshayelelo ebanzi zobugcisa-high speed - Outlook esitalini ekunyuseni ingeniso shishino.

nemoto

Izithuthi zikawonke lushishino lweemoto - kakhulu mobile, obuchwepheshe kunye eziqhutshwa. Ngelo xesha ke lobuqu, ezizodwa kunye wesebe izithuthi kunye neziseko zazo. Isabelo Russian eJozi wothutho% 4-6 kuphela ehlabathini - 8-10%. ukuthutha abantu eRashiya abahlala 30-40% yabo bonke oluqhubekayo, kanti ehlabathini - 70-75%.

izinto eziluncedo:

1. Ukuhamba, kungenzeka eziziswe ngqo, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa intshukumo iintlobo eliphakathi.
2. Uncedo kwi ukuthuthwa kweempahla ezixabisekileyo, ethe kunye etshabalalayo, kubandakanywa imiqulu ezincinane.
3. Indlela lokuhanjiswa kokutya, kuquka kwimimandla ekwanti.
4. Iintlobo lezithuthi umbane kunye nomzimba uhlobo.
5. mawundithamsanqele, ixabiso eliphantsi lula intshukumo umkhweli.
6. Lula ngeendlela.

nobubi:

1. ngamandla Energy, nefuthe elibi kokusingqongileyo.
2. ixabiso eliphezulu kwimveliso.
3. Umthamo minor, xa kuthelekiswa nezo nezinye iintlobo.
4. I degree ubuncinane umkhweli intuthuzelo.
5. A iqondo elikhulu ukuguga le kaloliwe.
6. Ukuxhomekeka kwi ukuthobela yokhuseleko ezindleleni. Ubukho ubungozi kwemitshini kunye neelahleko ezongezelelweyo capital ezinxulumene.

sithwala phantse isiqingatha imelwe ngemoto. Uhlala inkokeli phakathi iinketho iintshukumo ngaphakathi indawo kunye lizwe. Kuba kaloliwe wasebenzisa ngezizwe, ingakumbi enjalo, amanzi okanye umoya.

umoya

Iinqwelo kunye ntaka - impumelelo iphezulu womntu, ngokoqobo nangokomfuziselo, isisombululo ucazulule ngokubonakalayo imisebenzi entsonkothileyo kakhulu, nto leyo iquka: iindawo ezinika umdla phezu imigama emide ngesantya esiphezulu, ukuziswa amayeza kunye noncedo noluntu kwimimandla eentlekele zendalo kunye neengozi, ukuphunyezwa izinto ezintsonkothileyo yokwakha, zokulwa umlilo, ngobungxamo, ezolimo kunye njalo njalo.

izinto eziluncedo:

1. Isantya esiphakamileyo.
2. A umgangatho ofanelekileyo intuthuzelo zabakhweli.
3. Ukuba nokwenzeka yokuthutha impahla zexabiso kunye ezonakalayo.
4. Akudingi nokwakhiwa konxibelelwano.

nobubi:

1. ukhuseleko Low.
2. Imfuneko esiqinisekiso liphezulu abaqhubi kunye izilawuli.
3. Meteozavisimost.
4. Capital olunzulu kunye nemveliso iindleko.
5. Ukulinganiselwa zokuhamba.

Ukongeza imingcipheko ezibalulekileyo kunye neendleko eziphezulu, kuba malunga ne-20% ye yezithuthi umkhweli lwehlabathi.

mome

Isethi of iindlela tubular intshukumo ye ulwelo kunye neegesi "impahla" ukwindawo izithuthi kumgama umbhobho omkhulu. Ngayo, ukunika unikezelo inter-lwengingqi, kwaye ngamazwe enjalo oyile negesi. Umsebenzi ikhutshwa phandle esebenzisa umahluko xi kwinkqubo kunye ummiselo wayo, ngokulandelelana, abasebenzi zothutho simelwe abaphathi neesuphavayiza izinto.

Le eziluncedo ziquka manufacturability, ukusebenza kunye nokufumaneka ngawo onke amaxesha. Bobubi - kudinga kukhuseleko kunye nokuthotyelwa, ulawulo eqhubekayo ukujoliswa emxinwa le nkqubo.

Ingaba kuyimfuneko kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ubomi obutofotofo yabemi, ngenxa nokusebenza yayo ixhomekeke ithuba yokupheka lula, yaye inqanaba ubushushu kumakhaya ngexesha kubanda.

Inkqubo ibaluleke gqitha kuyo nayiphi uluntu izithuthi. Yintoni na urhulumente ngaphandle ummandla kunye kwabemi, ngaphandle kushishino, amasiko kunye namathuba zokuhamba? Nguye egazini nawuphi lizwe nakwihlabathi liphela. It intlekele yendalo, kodwa ukuba kunokwenzeka usindiso uluntu.