Iyini inveli yesiGothi? Iimvanoveli zeGothic zamanje

Inqaku elithi "i-Gothic" kwincwadi ichaza uhlobo oluthetha udibaniso, ulwalamano, imfesane kunye neentengiso. Uvulindlela wolu hlobo wayengumlobi waseNgesi uHorace Walpole kunye nencwadi yakhe yase-Otranto Castle.

Imvelaphi yekota

Namhlanje igama elithi "gothic" linxulumene neendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa, imbali kunye nenkcubeko. Ihambelana ngokuthe ngqo kwizakhiwo, izakhiwo, upende kunye nomculo. Nangona kunjalo, intsingiselo yangaphambili yeli xesha ivela, ewe, egameni labantu baseJamani - i-Goths.

I-Goths yayingomnye wabantu abaninzi ababenxulumene kodwa abanomkhosi wamaJamani. Babesoloko bebalwa kunye nabamelwane babo kunye kunye nabo kuphela ukulwa namaRoma. Ukuphakama kozuko lwazo kwakuyinkulungwane, xa izizwe zaseNtshona naseMpuma zanqobile iRoma zaza zanqoba ezininzi zaseSpain. Emva koko, imbali yesizwe ibandakanywe yimbali yamazwe atyiswe ngabo.

Kwiminyaka emininzi yadlulela ngaphambi kokuba igama elithi "gothic" likhethe enye into. Ngethuba loKuvuselela, xa inkcubeko yeklasi yafumana ukuzalwa kwayo kwesibili, "uhlobo lokwakheka kweMinyaka Ephakathi" lwabizwa ngokuthi "iGothic". Kwiminyaka embalwa emva kamva, uhlobo oluthile lweemvanoveli lwaqala ukubizwa, mhlawumbi kuba ababhali bakhetha izakhiwo zamandulo zesakhiwo samaGothi kunye nembali engaqondakaliyo njengendawo yokusebenza.

Imbali yenveli yesiGothi

Inveli yesiGothi yabonakala kwintshukumo yokuqala yothando phakathi kwekhulu le-XVIII kwaye yafumana ukugqithisa okuqhelekileyo kwiXesti yeXIX. Wazalelwa eNgilani njengendlela yokusabela kwisimboso esisemthethweni seengxelo zorhulumente.

Nangona kunjalo, asifanele sithathe inveli yesiGothi njengomntwana wobuRoma. Iingcambu zaso zijule kakhulu kwiimbali, ezichaphazela amabali adibanayo, amava, iinkolelo kunye namacebiso. Le mithombo yamandulo efanayo yokuphefumlela iphinda isebenzise amanveveli angama-Gothic anamhlanje, umzekelo, lo mkhangeli ubonakala ngokucacileyo kumsebenzi kaStephen King okanye u-Anne Rice.

Inombolo yokuqala yokuqala yamaGothi yayingumsebenzi kaHorace Walpole, i-Castle yase-Otranto, eyaqala ukupapashwa ngo-1764. Umlobi ngokwakhe wathi unomdla kumabonakude anamhlanje nakwixesha eliphakathi, kodwa zombini u-Walpole wathola iimpazamo, azama ukuzilahleka kwi-Castle yase-Otranto. Ngokweye, inveli yenkcubeko yamandulo imangalisa kakhulu, kwaye iyanamhlanje-nayo ingokoqobo. Nangona kunjalo, abagxeki bathatha i-innovative kwiibhononethi, bachaza ukuba loo mxube weengcamango, imbali kunye neengxelo ezikhohlisayo ziyahambelana nemigaqo eyamkelweyo.

Naphezu kokugxekwa koogqirha, incwadi yesiGothi eencwadi zesiNgesi yafumana ukugqithisa okungaqhelekanga, oko kwathonya ukubonakala kohlobo olunjalo kwiJamani (iSchauerroman) kunye neencwadi zesiFrentshi (iGeorgia kunye neBlack Noir).

Inkokheli yamaGothi eRussia ibizwa ngokuba yinto emangalisayo, kwaye phakathi kwababhali abaye baphumelela lo hlobo lwaluquka iPushkin (u-Queen of Spades), uLermontov ("iG Hero of Our Time") kunye noGogol ("Viy", "Amaxesha eFama kufuphi neDikanka").

Izinto ezenziwe ngeveli yeGothi

Iimpawu eziphambili zevelidi yamaGothi ngexesha lokubunjwa kwazo zagxininiswa yimida yothando oluvunyelwe kwiincwadi. Nangona umnqweno wale nkcubeko uvuselela iimvakalelo kunye nemvakalelo evuyisayo, iincwadi zothando zangekhulu leshumi elinesibhozo zazinzima kakhulu ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga kwangoku.

Ababhali beenveveli zamaGothi bafuna ukugubungela isakhiwo esilungisiweyo solulo xesha, ukunikela ingqalelo kwizihloko ezimnyama nangaphezulu ezingakhange zixazululwe ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezamkelekileyo nezivumelekileyo. Uloyiko, ubundlobongela, imfihlakalo - zonke ezi zinto zifuna iindlela ezongezelelweyo zokubhala. Incwadana yamaGothi kwiincwadi zesiNgesi yanyanzela umfundi ukuba ahambe ngaphaya kwemida yeyaziwayo kwaye ichazwayo, wakhiwa ngakumbi kwimoya, ukuqonda, engenakuqonda, kodwa iimvakalelo ezinamandla kunye neemfuno ezifihliweyo.

Ngokwabaninzi abagxekayo, inveli yesiGothi yayiyi-nkcazelo yehlabathi eliwileyo, kwaye eli hlabathi liboniswe kumfundi ngoncedo lwezinto ezisisiseko zencwadana yendabuko, leyo ke, eyahluke kakhulu kwiimpawu.

Indawo yesenzo

Phantse zonke iireveli ezisetyenzisweni seGothic zithembele kwimeko ukuze kuqinisekiswe umbala womsebenzi womsebenzi. Ngoko ke, inkcazo yeendawo, imihlaba, imozulu kunye nezinye izinto zendalo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kule hlobo.

Umfanekiso oqhelekileyo wenveli ye-Gothic kungekhona nje ingcangcazela ukwesaba nokwesaba, kodwa ichaza ukubola kwehlabathi lonke. Izakhiwo ezindala, amanxiwa, indawo ezishiyiweyo zithi xa ubomi belibalulekileyo, kwaye ngoku konke okushiyweyo kuyisithunzi sexesha elidlulileyo, ukufihla imbali yalo nokugcina izimfihlo ezilibalekileyo.

Abalinganiswa abakhulu

IiHlathi zamaveli eziGothi zenza uhlobo lwe-archtype, kwaye kukho umzekelo weempawu zabo ezifanelekileyo kwimisebenzi emininzi.

I-protagonist ivame ukuba yedwa, uhlala ekhunjweni okanye ejele-eyedwa okanye ngokumelene naye. Iqhawe elichasayo liyilo lobubi - imeko awayeyifumene ngayo ngephutha lakhe, ngenxa yoluhlu lwezenzo nezigqibo, okanye ngenxa yephutha labanye. I-protagonist yemisebenzi yalolu hlobo udla ngokuba yindwendwe ejikelezayo emhlabeni, ekugqibeleni ngonaphakade.

Iqhinga

Ngokuqhelekileyo isalathisi senveli ye-Gothic ibonisa ukubola kwehlabathi. I-protagonist, edinwa yedwa / ukuvalelwa / ukuthunjwa, ukuhlangabezana nokubi, ngokuqhelekileyo ngesilingo okanye ukukhohlisa. Isihendo senza ukuba iqhawe lichasene, yenza isono kwaye iphele ukuwa kwakhe. Ngokomzekelo, kwincwadi ethi "Ambrosio, okanye Monk" ngu-MG Lewis, i-protagonist ingummiselo obonisa umyalelo weSpeyin, ulingwa nguMatilda, ngubani ngokwenene oyidemoni ethunyelwe umphefumlo womonki.

Izihloko eziphambili

Nangona iindaba eziphambili zohlobo lweGothic zizinto ezingenasiphelo kwaye zingenakufumaneka, phakathi kwabo umxholo oyintloko wazo zonke izidalwa zothando zilandelwa ngokucacileyo-ingxaki "yindoda engabonakaliyo", uhlobo lweGrosity, edlalwa yimpikiswano.

Omnye ukhangele ngaphaya kwesigqubuthelo sokwesaba kunye nesimo esingasemhlabeni, njengoko iqhawe liba ngumntu oqondakalayo, onjengomntu wonke, oyikayo kwaye engathandabuzekiyo. Iincwadi nje zeGothic ezikhetheke kakhulu ukunyanisekisa konke ukwesaba umntu ahlangana nayo imihla ngemihla.

Ukugxeka iincwadi zeGothic

Ngethuba lokuphila kwakhe iveli yesiGothi yaxhomekeke kwiingcamango ezahlukeneyo. Amanani obhaliweyo amaninzi adibanisa neencwadana zesiGothic kunye neemvakalelo ezifihliweyo kunye neminqweno yomntu. Inkulungwane entsha kunye nophuhliso lwe-psychoanalysis lube yisizathu sokubonisa ukufanisana phakathi kwezinto ze-Gothic kunye ne-subconscious yabantu.

Ngokutsho kukaDavis Morris, lo hlobo - inveli ye-Gothic-inikeza umthombo wale mvakalelo, iminqweno kunye nokwesaba okuqhelekileyo umntu ofuna ukulawula, ukufihla nokungahoywa. Umzabalazo we-protagonist kunye nobubi obungasemhlabeni ngumzobo womzabalazo wokwenene, umntu okhokelela kwimibono engavumelaniyo neyimfihlelo.

Iincwadi zeGothic zowesifazane

IsiNgesi i-Gothic romance kunye neenkampu zayo, izigodlo, amahlathi amnyama kunye neendlela ezifihlakeleyo, zenze ukuzalwa kwento ekhethekileyo yeencwadi zesiNgesi zexesha. Uncwadi lwabafazi be-Gothic, ophayona ngo-Anne Radcliffe, uMary Shelley noCharlotte Bronte, bavumela abalobi babesifazane ukuba bachaze iinjongo zabo zobugcisa kunye noluntu ngokokuqala ngqa, kunye nezifiso zabo zesondo. Isitayela samahhala seveli ye-Gothic yavumela abafazi ukuba bakhulise imiba efana nobuqabane bobulili, ixabiso lobudala kunye nokunyanzelwa kwezesondo kwabasetyhini kuluntu lwesiNgesi olulondolozayo.

Kwakuyiveli zowesifazane ezazisa isicatshulwa esinjalo njenge "ngcaciso engaphezulu." Le ngqiqhinga enobuqili yavumela abafazi ukuba babhale izaveli ezinjengeembonakalo, imizwelo kwaye kaninzi ziqulethwe kwi-Gothic, kodwa ke, zichaze ubomi boqobo.

Impembelelo yamaGothi kwiingoma zothando

Iimveli zorhwebo zamaGothi ezilungileyo zinempembelelo ebonakalayo kwiingongoma zothando zesiNgesi. Imisebenzi edumileyo kaSamuel Taylor Coleridge - "iTale of the Old Mariner" kunye no "Christabel", kunye nemisebenzi eyimfihlelo kaJohn Keats "U-Eve waseSaint Agnes" kunye no "Isabella", banamacandelo afana neGothic. Iimpawu zorveli yesiGothi, ezifana nemibono, izivunguvungu, iziphepho kunye neenkcazo ezibuhlungu zemihlaba ephazamisayo, zibolekelelwe zizibongo ezivela kwimisebenzi ka-Anne Radcliffe.

Umsebenzi wokuqala wokupapashwa kaPercy Bysshe Shelley kwakuyiveli yeGothic uZastrotsi malunga nokuthunjwa okugqithiselwe ukuphindisela kuye uyise kunye nomnye umntu. Ngomnyaka kamva, incwadana yesibini ethi "Saint Irvine" yashicilelwa, umlingiswa obalaseleyo owawuyi-alchemist owayefuna ukutyhila imfihlelo yobomi obungunaphakade. Bobabini imisebenzi ibonisa ingqungquthela engathandekiyo kwaye ingacacanga kwincwadi yeGothic, kodwa ayizange ithintele kuphela umsebenzi kaShelley, kodwa naye umfazi wakhe wesikhathi esizayo, owaba ngumlobi we "Frankenstein".

Akukho nxaxheba encinci ekuphuhliseni uhlobo lwe-Gothic lwadlalwa yiNkosi eyaziwayo ngu-Byron. Umthandi wakhe olahliwe wachaza imbongi ngokuthi "ngumntu onobuqili, onobungozi kwaye onobungozi", owaba yimpawu eziphambili ze-Childe Harold's alter-ego, umboniso weqhawe le-Byronic.

Ukongezelela, u-Byron wayehlala ecwangcisa imincintiswano yesiganeko esinqumlekileyo phakathi kweengqungquthela zabahlobo bakhe-ababhali, kuquka yena, oomtshato uShelley noJohn Polidori. Ngokutsho kwabagxeki, bekuyiintlanganiso ezikhokelela ekudalweni kwebali likaFrankenstein kunye nePolori.

Ixesha lama-Victorian kunye nokuhlaziya kwakhona uhlobo lwe-Gothic

Ngethuba lolawulo lukaMongameli uVictoria, ukuthandwa kwincwadi yesiGothi kuye kwacuthwa kakhulu, ngenxa yecala lokugxeka, ngenxa yendlela yokuthandwa kweengxelo zembali zikaWalter Scott. Nangona kunjalo, uncwadi lwama-Victori kulindeleke ukuba uphinde ucinge uhlobo lwe-Gothic.

I-innovator ebaluleke kakhulu kwiincwadi zeGothic ithathwa njengengu-Edgar Alan Poe. Umbhali wahlawula ingqwalasela enkulu kwizengqondo zobuntu bakhe ngokubhekisele kwizinto zemveli zolu hlobo. Ukuba ngumgxeki obalaseleyo wokubhala, uPoe wayeyiqonda ngokucacileyo iimeko ezintle kunye nokuphazamiseka kweGothic, ngoko wagxininisa kwiimeko zengqondo zabalinganiswa bakhe. Ngokombono wakhe, ukukhathazeka kwakuyi sifundo esifanelekileyo sokufunda.

Utshintsho lwenzeke kwinveli yeGothi. "IiWighing Heights" zikaEmily Bronte zinalo lonke izinto ezifunekayo: indawo emnyama yokusebenza, izigwili kunye neqhawe lika-Byronic kumntu weHeathcliff. Nangona kunjalo, umlingisi obalaseleyo wencwadana akagcinwanga kuphela entolongweni, kodwa uvakalelwa kukungabikho kokungabi nabulungisa kwintlalo yesizwe kunye nokucwaswa ngokwesini. Abalinganiswa abaphambili bodade baseBronte bazisa imvelaphi yentlalo kwiveli ye-female gothic.

Olu hlobo luye lathonya kakhulu kwilolu hlobo lwababhali, njengoCharles Dickens. Wema kwiziseko zentshumayelo yezobuGothi ezibizwa ngokuba "intsha yaseGothic yasekuhlaleni." Kwiphepha yemisebenzi yakhe, izitrato zaseLondon ziba yindawo yokunyanzeliswa kwe-gothic, eyenza ukuphazamiseka kunye nomnqweno wokubaleka. Imisebenzi enjengokuthi "Oliver Twist", "Inkolelo Enkulu" kunye ne "Cold House" yatshintshisa isenzo sencwadana yeGothic kwiindlela zedolophu kunye neendlela.

Kwiinyawo zikaDickens zahamba kunye nabalobi benkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Isiphelo sexesha lama-Victori satshengisa ukutshatyalaliswa kwintando yesigodi saseGothic esasemadolobheni, esabuyiselwa ngokutsha ngenxa yemisebenzi kaRobert Louis Stevenson (iMbali ye-Strange kaDkt. Jekyll noMnu Hyde), uHenry James (Ukuguquka kweSikolo) kunye no-Oscar Wilde (Umfanekiso weDorian Gray).

Umphikisi ogqwesileyo kakhulu we-Gothic uhlobo - Count Dracula - avela kumaphepha enomxholo ofanayo negama elifanayo ngeBram Stoker. I-Stocker yaqwalasela abalobi be-mystic eTransylvania naseMpuma Yurophu ngokubanzi, okwenza indawo leyo ibe yintandokazi yamanveveli eGothi.

Iimvanoveli zeGothic zamanje

Abalobi abaninzi benzululwazi bezesayensi zanamhlanje kunye nabameli bezinye iintlobo zeelwimi zisebenzisa izinto zeGothic kwimisebenzi yabo. Iimvanoveli ze-Gothic, ezibonakaliswa yimisebenzi ka-Anne Rice, zidibanisa ngobuchule izithethe zenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo kunye nenkululeko yokubhala ibhalwe kwincwadi yexesha langoku. I-Gothic, ngandlela-thile, ezinye zeenkcukacha ze-Stephen King kunye nomsebenzi kaDaphne du Maurier. Isithandwa esithile se-gothic siyakuthandwa ngokuphinda ucinge ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngamabali ngamabutho omkhosi. Kuye uhlobo lwe-Gothic lungabhalwa ngemisebenzi ethile kaNeil Gaiman, uTerry Pratchett kunye noDan Brown.