"IHero Yexesha Lethu": imbali yokudalwa kwencwadana

Eli nqaku lizinikezelwe kwincwadi ethi "I Hero of Our Time". Imbali yendalo yayo inomdla kwaye iyimfihlakalo. Asisazi iinkcukacha zomsebenzi ochanekileyo kaMikhail Yurievich Lermontov phezu kombhalo walo msebenzi. Oku kubangelwa ukuba izinto eziye zaza kuthi azininzi: zikhona ezimbalwa iimpawu zemiqulu ebomvu kunye nobungqina bemilo yeenkondlo kunye nomlobi ngokwakhe.

Nangona oku, ukuqokelela ulwazi oluyimfuneko kunye nezinto eziphathekayo, sinokuphinda sibuyele kwisilinganiselo esithile sokungqinisiswa kwezigaba eziphambili kunye nezinye iinkcukacha zokubhala kukaMikhail Yurievich "I-Hero yexesha lethu". Imbali yokudalwa kwaleveli, ebonwa njengeyona nto ingumsebenzi wembongi, iya kuhlolwa ngethuba le ngcaciso.

Imemori yeShang-Giray

AP Shan-Giray kunye nezinkumbulo zakhe zisinikela ngolwazi olumalunga nomsebenzi weembongi kulo msebenzi. Esi sihlobo kunye nomhlobo wesibongo sathi "iHero yexesha lethu", inomlando wendalo esiyithandayo, yaqala emva kukaLermontov ebuya ekuthinjweni, eSt. Petersburg, ngo-1838. Ininzi yeLermontovologists inamathela kule ngcamango. Kodwa kukho idatha esivumela ukuba sikholwe ukuba ekuqaleni kuka-1837 i-"Tamani" ibhaliwe yabhalwa. Namhlanje, ikopi egunyazisiweyo yale ncwadana eneenkcukacha zeViskovaty iyaziwa, ethi le ngqangi ibhaliwe ngu-Shang-Giray, umzala waseLermontov, othe wambi wayezichaza ngemisebenzi yakhe. Kubonakala ukuba, "iTaman" yayicacisiwe kwinguqulelo ebhaliweyo, kwaye ayiyi-impromptu (oku kuboniswa ngobungqina bekopi).

Oku kucatshulwa kuqinisekiswa ngumbalo wobungqina bentsapho yezibongi kunye nabahlali. Ngokomzekelo, uGrigorovich, owambona i-autograph enobubi balo msebenzi, wabhala ngeememori ukuba ibali elithi "Taman" livakala ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekugqibeleni ngeqhosha elilodwa le-harmonic. Kodwa ukuba uthabatha umyalezo wokuqala, oko kuya kuphawulwa ukuba kugcwele ukufakwa, kulungiswa kwakhona, kukho amanqaku amaninzi kumaphepha atyhidiweyo.

Imibuzo yeZhigmont

UGrigorovich, ngelanga, akazange athethe nantoni na malunga nokuba yikuphi le autograph, kunye nokuba ngubani ophetheyo. Kodwa namhlanje imemori enye yaziwa, echaza ibali lale mihla. Ngowe-1947, bapapasha incwadi kunye ne-PS Zhigmont, isihlobo sombongi, umbhali wakhe wokuqala we-biographer, i-PA Viskovaty. I-Zhigmont ibike ukuba kubonakala ngathi ngo-1839 eStvropol imbongi yatsho "uTaman", waza wanika isicatshulwa sikaPetrov, esasinda kuye.

Lo mhla wenziwe, ngoko, isiqingatha kwinkulungwane emva kwesiganeko, kwaye umbhali weememori ngokwakhe wabhala ukuba wayengaqinisekanga ngaloo mhla. A. Popov waphawula ukuba uS.O. Zhigmont noLermontov badibana ngo-1837 eStvropol, kwaye ngo-1839 akukho namnye kuwo kule dolophu ayikho. Ngenxa yoko, ngo-1837 iqulunqo elithi "Tamani" kufuneka lifakwe.

Indawo yeLermontov ngexesha lomsebenzi emsebenzini

Njengokuba kunjalo, le ncwadana isekelwe kwisiganeko esiye safumana ngoSeptemba 1837 nguMikhail Yurievich. NgoNovemba, wayesele eseTiflis. Kulo xesha kuqukwa nesicatshulwa esithi "Ndinguye eTiflis." Ngoko ke , ngokuqinisekileyo, u- Andronkov uthi uqulethe iimbumba ze "Fatalist" kunye "noTamani." Omnye unokucinga ukuba ngenxa yokuba "ingcamango ye-syncretic" yayilungelelwe kwaye yinkimbinkimbi, umbhali wagqiba ukuluhlula zibe ziqwenga ezimbini, okokuqala ukutshekisha "iTaman", ngexesha lokuguqulwa ngoNovemba-Disemba ngo-1837, kwaye emva koko "uFatalist." Ukususela kule nto iqala umsebenzi "Hero of Our Time" ibali lokudala. Isalathiso kunye nokwakhiwa kwendibano yafumana utshintsho olukhulu kwixesha elizayo, kuphela emva koko wagcwaliswa ngala mabini, umsebenzi wokuqala. NgoDisemba, ebuyela eSt. Petersburg, imbongi leyo yayimisa ixesha elifutshane eSevastopol, apho wadibana no-S. O. Zhigmont noPetrov, izihlobo zakhe. Ngeli xesha, ukuphinda kubhale "uTaman", uMikhail Yurievich, ngokusobala wayemshiyile u-Petrov. Yona yilapho yabona uGrigorovich.

Xa kubhaliwe "Taman" ("Hero of Our Time")?

Imbali yendalo (siza kuhlala ngokufutshane kwiindawo zonke zebali) liyaqhubeka. Ulwazi oluqokelelweyo, ngoko, luvumelekile ukuba umsebenzi wokuqulunqa "iTaman" ubhekisela kwithuba ukususela ngoSeptemba ukuya kuDisemba 1837, ekubeni ngoSeptemba imbongi yayiseTanan, kwaye ngasekupheleni kukaDisemba, uMikhail Yurievich washiya iSastopol. Kule nkalo, kubonakala ngathi, kungabonakaliswa ukuba bekukule ndawo, kwaye kungekhona ngo-1838, abaninzi abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba, umqondo womsebenzi othi "IHero yexesha lethu" yaqala ukuzaliseka. Imbali yendalo yayo, ngoko, ivula ngoSeptemba ukuya kuDisemba 1837.

Ngaba "uTaman" ubandakanyeke kwilwayilo yoqobo?

Okwangoku, esi sigqibo siphuthuma, kuba kukho ubungqina bokuthi "uTaman" wayengenakwenzeka kwisicwangciso sencwadana, eyavela kamva, njengoko yayingabandakanywa emfanekisweni wePechorin, iqhawe leliveli.

Okokuqala, igama le-protagonist yomsebenzi "eTaman" alinakukhankanywa. Okwesibini, kwaziwa kwi "Princess Mary" ukuba lo mlingiswa wagxothwa eCaucasus ngenye "imbali". Kodwa iqhawe elithi "Taman" alifanelanga ukuthunjwa oye wafika evela eSt. Petersburg.

Okwesithathu, kuwo onke ama-novellas kunye namabali, uMaksim Maksimych ungakhankanywa ngokuthe ngantoni okanye uboniswe, "umgca wokupasa" oyingqungquthela yePechorin. Kuphela "kwiTanan" engekhoyo.

Kukho izizathu zokukholelwa ukuba "u-Fatalist" wabhalwa ngokwahlukileyo, emva kokuba "uTaman", ngaphandle kokuthintana nale nveli, ngokucacileyo, ekuqaleni kwe-1838, emva kokuba uMikhail Yurievich abuyele eSt. Petersburg.

Isici senkqubo yokudala yaseLermontov

Inkalo yenkqubo yokudala yalo mbhali ngumsebenzi ofanayo kwimisebenzi emininzi kwangoko. Kanye kunye nokuphuhliswa kweenguqulelo zokuqala zencwadana ethi "Hero Hero of Our Time", imbali yendalo echazwe kweli nqaku, imbongi yasebenza kwiinguqu zokugqibela zeDemoni. NgoSeptemba 1838, isithandathu sagqitywa, ngoDisemba - yesixhenxe, kunye nesibhozo-ngoJanuwari 1839.

U kuqala

Kwi "Iimpawu ze-Fatherland" yapapashwa "uBela" ngoMatshi 1839.

Ngo-Agasti waloo nyaka, inkondlo "uMtsyri" yagqitywa, kwaye malunga nelo xesha ukulungiswa ngamandla kwe "Hero of Our Time" kwiphephandaba laqala. Emva koko ukubunjwa kwendabuko kwatshintshile kakhulu - kwaquka inqaku elithi "Fatalist". Ngaloo ndlela, imbali yendalo iqhubeka. "Iqhawe lexesha lethu" elijongene nalo xesha liyi-edition yesibili. Ingcaciso malunga nokuqala yinto encinci, kodwa ingagqitywa ukuba yayiquka kuphela imisebenzi "Maxim Maksimych", "uBela" kunye ne "Princess Mary".

Ukufakwa kwe "Fatalist" kuye kwaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokuba kwakukho ubudlelwane obuphakathi phakathi kwePechorin kunye nomlobi. Ukongezelela, le inoveli ifinyelele kwiingxaki ezibalulekileyo zentlalo zesizukulwana, iLermontov yanamhlanje.

Ukufakwa kwalo msebenzi kugxininise ubunjani befilosofi yencwadana, kwaye kwanikezela ubunzulu obukhulu kumfanekiso wePechorin.

Siyaqhubeka siqwalasela umsebenzi "Hero of Our Time". Imbali yencwadana, ichazwe ngokufutshane, imelwe ezi ziganeko ezilandelayo.

Inkqubo yesibini yomsebenzi ibhekisela ku-1839, ixesha ukususela ngo-Agasti ukuya kuSeptemba. Emva koko wabhalwa amabali amabini amabini kunye namabini amabini "IHero yexesha lethu". Imbali yendalo, ukubunjwa kwendabuko kwinguqu yokugqibela kuya kuchazwa ngezantsi. Kule nguqu yomsebenzi wahlula kwiindawo ezimbini ezilandelayo: amanqaku egosa, ngubani umlandisi, kunye neenkcukacha zeqhawe. Ookuqala wayebandakanya ibali elithi "Bela" kunye nebali elithi "Maxim Maksimych", kwaye yesibini - ibali elithi "Ubulali" kunye nebali "Princess Mary".

Uhlobo lokugqibela lomsebenzi

Siqhubeka sikuxelela ngembali yokudala lo msebenzi. "I-Hero yexesha lethu" ekupheleni kwe-1839 yaba neenguqu ezibalulekileyo ekulungiseleleni incwadana yokupapashwa okuhlukile. Kule nqanaba, sele sekugqityiwe okokuqala, "uTaman" yafakwa kulo, apho imisebenzi yomlandisi, njengale "Fatalist", idluliselwe kwiqhawe elivela kumlobi-umlandeli. Kule ncwadi kwakukho "izahluko" ezintandathu. Oku kwaquka "iNgxelo" kwiimpawu zeqhawe - "I-Pechorin's Magazine" - leyo uBelinsky eyayibiza ngokuthi "intloko", enikwe ukubaluleka kwayo. Kule ncwadi yombongi uhlukaniswe kwiingxenye ezimbini zorveli, eyokuqala ezimbini. Kwakhona, kule nqanaba yokugqibela yendalo yinkcazo yesihloko sokugqibela somsebenzi.

Ukushicilelwa kwenguqu yokugqibela yencwadana ethi "Hero Hero of Our Time"

Imbali yencwadana igqitywa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. NgoFebruwari, kwafunyanwa imvume yokucelwa lo msebenzi. Incwadi ngo-Apreli 1840 yathengiswa, kwaye emva konyaka yashicilelwa kwiprogram yesibini, eyayiquka isiqalo somsebenzi ngokubanzi, eyadalwa nguLermontov, ngokucacileyo ngoFebruwari 1841.

Ngoko, ekugqibeleni, ukwakheka "kwincwadi yesigxina" kwincwadi ethi "IHero yexesha lethu" ichazwe. Imbali yokudalwa kwalo msebenzi, enye yeyona nto ihamba phambili kwikhulu le-19, iphela apha.