Andrei Platonovich Platonov: ubugcisa kunye nobugcisa, ifoto

Phakathi kwababhali balapho abo banobuchule babo abubonakali ebomini babo, kuba aluhambelani nembono yexesha labo. Kodwa iminyaka okanye amashumi adlula, kwaye imisebenzi yabo ifumana indawo efanelekileyo kwimbali yeencwadi. Kwababhali abanjalo ngu-Andrei Platonovich Platonov, ophikisayo lwakhe luqinisekiso olucacileyo olu. Wahlala ubomi obunzima. Imisebenzi yakhe yokudala yabuhlungu emva kokuvutha. Kwaye kuphela kwii-80 zee-XX zangekhulu le-XX, kwafika ekuqaphelisweni kwehlabathi.

Ubuntwaneni kunye nolutsha

U-Andrei Platonovich Platonov, owathi u-biography uqala ngo-1899, wazalwa kwintsapho ehluphekayo yesikhululo se-Klimentov (igama langempela likaPlatonov) kwisixeko saseVoronezh. Ingxaki yomntwana yayingenasiphelo. Isidingo esiqhubekayo kunye nenkxalabo kubazalwana noodade banyanzelekisa inkwenkwe eneminyaka eyi-14 ukuba aqale ukusebenza kwisikhululo sikaloliwe kunye noyise. Kulapho, ufunda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa.

Imfundo no-Andrei Platonovich yafunyanwa esikolweni saseparishi, kwaye emva kokuqalisa ukusebenza kwisikhululo, wafunda kwaye wasebenza ngokufanayo. Oku kubonisa ukuba nangona kwimeko enzima, ukuncedisa intsapho, akazange alahlekelwe yinkxwabo yolwazi, kodwa, ngokuchaseneyo, wayezifundele umsebenzi omtsha kwaye wafunda. Ngexesha elifanayo laqala umsebenzi wokudala we-Andrei Platonovich. Ngokwemvelo, umsebenzi onzima kwisikhululo, njengesikhululo eso ngokwawo, sasilungelelaniswa kakhulu kwiingcinga zendoda leyo kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ibonakale emsebenzini wakhe.

Sebenzi kunye noLwazi

Emva koko, u-Andrei Platonovich Platonov, owakhe umzobo kunye nomsebenzi ukususela ngexesha elidlulileyo, wayexhomekeke ngokukhawuleza ngobomi obunzima nobunzima, uqala ukusebenza ngokugqithiseleyo njengombhali weendaba kunye nomlobi. Ngelo xesha, ufunda kwiYunivesithi yaseVoronezh Polytechnic kwaye usebenza kwisikhululo sikaloliwe. I talente engabonakaliyo yombhali ibonakalisa okwangoku. Ekukhanyeni kuvela iqoqo lakhe lemiba ethi "Blue Depth" (1922).

I-biography emfutshane yeClatonov Andrey Platonovich iyaqhubeka nenyaniso yokuba ubomi bakhe ngeli xesha lidibanisa ngqo kunye nabasebenzi ukuze kuzuze iphondo laseVoronezh. Akasayi kuyeka ukusebenza kwisikhululo sesitimela, ngaphezu koko, usebenza njengomgqugquzeli. Iinjongo zakhe zifana neenjongo zabantu abaninzi abaselula. Ufuna ukutshintsha ihlabathi ibe ngcono, ukholelwa kwinkqubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe. Unobuncinci obuncinane, obubonakala kakuhle kwimisebenzi yakhe yokubhala.

Kuyamangalisa, kodwa emsebenzini akayikulibala ngokubhala. Amabali akhe apheleleyo, konke okusemgangathweni okufana nolutsha kunye nokholo kwinkqubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe, kodwa akayikulibala malunga naloo dolophana. Ukongezelela, ubhala ngokunyanisekileyo kumaphephandaba aseMoronezh kunye namaphephancwadi, upapashwa kwiimaphephandaba eMoscow.

I-biography yeClatonov ka-Andrei Platonovich usenomsebenzi wokubhala ngobundlobongela, ushicilela amabali akhe malunga nelali "Kwi-Starry Wilderness" (1921) kunye ne "Chuldik and Epishka" (1920). Kodwa kunye nengqondo yakhe yokuzibonakalisa ibonakaliswe ngokubhaliweyo ngokubhaliweyo kwaye ikhokelela kwiindaba zezesayensi zobuxoki kunye namanveli: "Izizukulwana zeLanga" (1922), "Markun" (1922), "Moonbomb" (1926).

EMoscow

I-biography emfutshane yePlatonov, no-Andrey Platonovich, ihlanganiswa nathi. Ngowe-1927 yena nentsapho yakhe bathuthela kwisixeko saseMoscow. Esi sigqibo sazi kakuhle, amaqabunga asePlatovav asebenza kwisikhululo sesitimela kwaye anikezelwe ngokupheleleyo ukubhala.

Imisebenzi yokubhala enezithelo zivelisa iziqhamo, kwaye incwadi ethi "Epiphany sluices", ezayo ibeka igama kwiqoqo elipheleleyo lamabali kunye namabali, iphapashwa. Kwimisebenzi yelo xesha, kwakukho inyaniso enzima eRashiya ngoko. Umbhali ngaphandle kokuphononongwa kwendandatho yakhe yobungqina kunye noluntu ophezulu, uzigxeka.

Ukongeza kokugxeka iziseko zentlalo yexesha, uPlatonov uthetha ngokugqithiseleyo malunga nokuxhaswa kwezinto ezisemgangathweni kwintsibano yesini, ngokubhekiselele kule ncwadana ethi Antisexus (1928) ishicilelwe. Apha umbhali uhlambalaza iingcamango zentlalo yokulahla uthando lomzimba ngokuphathelele kwimisebenzi ebalulekileyo yoluntu. Umbhali uthetha ngesibindi kwindlela abaphathi kunye nezimvo zakhe.

Ngethuba elifanayo, isakhiwo esicacile ngokupheleleyo sePlatonov sakhiwe, into ebalulekileyo apho, ngokumangalisa, ilele ekunqongopheni kolwimi nokuchaneka kwamagama kunye namazwi. Ngenxa yesitayela esinqabileyo nesingqalileyo, amagama aphendukela kumfundi ngenjongo yawo yokwenene. Uhlobo olunjalo lokubhala alukho nabani na kwiincwadi zesiRashiya.

Ukongezelela kwisitayela, uPlatatov utshintshe isigaba semantic yemisebenzi yakhe. Ngoku i-maximalism yangaphambili kunye nenkolelo kwixesha elizayo elikhanyayo linikezela ekufuneni ifilosofi injongo engunaphakade yobomi. Amaqhawe emisebenzi kaPlatonov ayimangalisa, yedwa, efuna abantu, abahambahambayo, abaqambi bezandla, abaqhaqhaqhaqhazelayo, abatshabalalayo.

Kulo mva, i-biography ye-Platonov, no-Andrei Platonovich, iyaqhubeka kwaye ibonakaliswa kwimisebenzi epapashwe ngelo xesha, kwipeni lakhe, kwimbali ethi "Yamskaya Sloboda" (umzekelo we-1927), umzekelo. Lo luhlobo lwesigidimi kwisitayela sakhe sasekuhlaleni, kodwa sihlaziywa kwaye sihlaziywa phantsi kwefuthe lefilosofi ezintsha. ISixeko samaGrafu ka-1928 siyi-satire kwi-Soviet system system. "Umntu Ofihlakeleyo" ngowe-1928 malunga nendoda ehambahambayo ebonisa ubomi ngokubhekiselele kwimeko engaphambili yemfazwe yombango. Kule mi sebenzi uPlatonov ichaza ukukhangela kwakhe i-algorithm yobomi, kucacile ngokucacileyo ubomi bomntu, ukungafani kwayo kunye nokukhawuleza kokuphela.

Ukugxeka kunye neengxaki

Akumangalisi ukuba ngelo xesha loo prose yayingabonwa ngabasemagunyeni. Ngokukhawuleza, u-Andrei Platonovich Platonov, owakhe u-biography wayengelula, wayengekho emibhalweni yakhe. Kwaye konke kwaqala ngenyaniso yokuba umgaqo-nkqubo owenziwe kwiincwadi wanyuka kakhulu, ohambelana nokupapashwa kweengcoko ethi "Che-Che-O" kunye nebali elithi "I-Makka Yokungabaza" ka-1929, emva koko uPlatonov wayemangalelwa nge-anarcho-individualism. Bayeka ukushicilela nonke. Kwaye uMaxim Gorky, u-Platonov wacela uncedo, akanakushintsha imeko.

Umbhali akazange anike ukuphumla kwimiba yansuku zonke. Intsapho yakhe ixesha elide yayinqatshelwe amakhaya abo kwaye le nto iphoqeleka ukuba ijikelele ixesha elide kwiindawo zokuqashisa. Kwaye kuphela ngo-1931 kwafunyanwa izindlu ezingapheliyo-eyakhayo kufuphi neyindlu yaseTverskoi Boulevard. Namhlanje liziko lokubhala elibizwa ngokuba nguHerzen. Amaxesha anzima kunye nokugatywa kwabasemagunyeni, ngokuqinisekileyo, bachaphazele kakubi isikhundla sentsapho.

Umntu ongenakho

Nangona kukho ubunzima, uPlatonov uyaqhubeka nomsebenzi kwiveli "Chevengur", kodwa, ngokuqinisekileyo, ngelo xesha ukupapasha inveli ekukhanyeni kwehlulekile. Kwathi kuphela ngo-1971, eParis, emva kokufa kombhali.

Umxholo wencwadana ichaza ulawulo lwaseKevengur kunye nobomi bamaqhawe kuwo, ehamba apho emva kokuhamba phambili kunye neengxaki. Ubomi kwi-dolophu buphelele ngokwenene, wonke umntu uyavuya kwaye alinganayo nomnye. Ukubona nje okungonakaliyo kubonakaliswa ngokufika komkhosi kunye namajoni, okutshabalalisa bonke abahlali, kunye nomasipala. Inveli kunye nayo yonke into eyenzeka kuyo yindlela ekubonakaliswe kuyo i-Platonov. Ngokwemvelo, ukunyaniseka akuyona into enokuthanda ngayo, kodwa okwangoku, ukufana kufana noko. Ukongezelela, kwiveli, uPlatonov akalahlekelwa yindlela yakhe yokuziphatha kunye nolwimi. Abanye abagxeki bathi indlela enjalo yokuphumelela ayiphumelelanga kwaye yenza kube nzima ukuqonda umgca wembali womsebenzi.

Emasithathu

U-Andrei Platonovich Platonov, ongu-biography ohambelana nokuguquka kwezopolitiko kweli lizwe, ngokucacileyo wabonisa italente yakhe yombhalo kwi-thirties yekhulu le-20. Ngowe-1930, uPlatonov wakhulula umgca wakhe oyintloko - ibali elithi "I-Pit," eyokuqala ngokupapashwa ngowe-1987. Lona luphikisana noluntu lwe-socialist, oluthetha ngokungafezekanga kwintsebenziswano, ukuwa kwehlekisayo kobukominisi kunye neengcamango zayo. Kwimbali, endaweni yebhotwe, kwakhiwa ingcwaba elihlangeneyo. UBrdsky wabhala ukuba uPlatonov wayezithoba kwiilwimi zexesha.

Amaqhekeza

Okwangoku, imeko yezenhlalakahle kwilizwe iye yaqina, kwaye ayizange idlule kwiPlatonov okanye. Ngeli xesha, ibali lakhe elithi "Vprok" liphuma, elichaza ukuhluleka ukuhlanganiswa, kunye nebali elithi "Inkunkuma Yotshwala" kumxholo olwachasayo. Ngelishwa, owokuqala ufumene uvavanyo olubukhali lukaStalin, okwesibini akazange avelise umphumo walo. U-Andrei Platonovich Platonov, onobomi bakhe akayikukholisa umlobi ngezihlandlo ezimnandi, waphinde waxhaswa. Waphinda wayeka ukushicilela.

Phakathi neyeshumi leminyaka yeshumi le-20 leminyaka, u-Andrei Platonovich Platonov, ongu-biography ofutshane uzele ubunzima ngeli xesha, ubhala ngokubanzi kwitafile, ngenxa yokuba ayipapashwa.

Wonke umntu etafileni

Nangona kunjalo, isebenza kakhulu kwaye ivelise kakhulu. Incwadi ethi "Happy Moscow" iyadalwa, umdlalo "Izwi likaBawo". Uyabhala amanqaku amaninzi malunga nabalobi abanjengoPushkin, Paustovsky, Akhmatova, Green, Hemingway nabanye. Emva koko ibali elithi "Ulwandle lwaseJunnyle" ludalwe, umxholo usondele kokubili "I-Cat's Ditch" kunye ne "Chevengur", omnye umdlalo uvela - "Sharmanka".

Kwimisebenzi yakhe, uPlatonov uhamba ngokuthe ngcembe kwimixholo yezenhlalakahle aze aqhubele kumava kunye nama drama. Ubhala uluhlu olupheleleyo lweembali eziphathekayo, phakathi kwazo "uMlambo wasePotudan", "Aphrodite", kunye ne "House House" kwi-Andzd Gardens kunye ne "Fro". Apha umbhali unyusela udidi lweengqondo kubalinganiswa, ukufunda okujulileyo okuza kutshintsha isimo sengqondo sombhali sothando.

Ngama-akhawunti onke, kwakungekho lula kumbhali ogama linguAndrei Platonovich Biography. Kubantwana, naye ubhala, kwaye uyaphumelela, umzekelo omhle ibali elithi "Semyon" malunga ne mfesane kunye nenkedama.

Ngo-1933-35, u-Andrei Platonovich Platonov wenza uhambo oluya eTurkmenistan. Inqaku elifutshane lomlobi libika oku. Ngaphantsi kweembonakalo zoluhambo, ubhala ibali elithi "Jan" ngendlela yakhe yokuziphatha kwentlekele kunye namanqaku amaculo atsha. Ukuphendulela ngokugqithiseleyo kunye nokuvakalayo kulo msebenzi kwenza ukuba kucebise kwaye kuyingqungquthela.

Vuthela emva kokubetha

Ngomnyaka we-1937, kukho umbono ongabonakaliyo kumsebenzi wombhali ogama linguAndrei Platonovich Platonov. I-biography, eshwankathelwe kwinqaku, ibhalwe ngumcimbi omnandi kuye. Umbhali ushicilela iqoqo lamabali akhe uMlambo wasePotudan. Kodwa ukulindela kombhali kwakungafanelekanga. Ukuqokelela kwagxeka. Ukongezelela, ngowe-1938 ityala lenziwe ngokumelene nendodana yedwa kaPlatonov, kwaye lo mntu wabanjwa.

IMfazwe

Ngexesha lemfazwe, u-Andrei Platonovich Platonov, i-biography, amaqiniso anentsonkothile ebomini apho abalandeli abanomdla baloo nto banomdla, baba ngumbhali wephephandaba elithi "I-Red Star". Kodwa nakhona ibali lakhe "Intsapho yaseIvanovs" yabangela ukunganeliseki ngokugqithisileyo kwaye yaqatshelwa ngokunyundela intsapho yaseSoviet.

Iminyaka yokugqibela yobomi

Emva kwemfazwe, u-Andrei Platonovich Platonov, i-biographie, iifoto kunye nezinye iindinyaniso ezivela ebomini awayezizuza kwiintlobo zakhe, azikwazi ukulingana ngokwaneleyo kwiincwadi. Kwimizamo yokuzibonela ebomini bobubomi, wabhala ukutshintsha kweengxelo zabantu baseRussia. Ukongeza, wadala umdlalo "iTyeya kaNowa". Nangona kunjalo, ixesha alimniki ithuba lokuba athandwe ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe. Ngomnyaka we-1951, uPlatonov uyafa ngesifo sofuba, wayenesivumelwano esivela kwindodana yakhe, owakhishwa kwiinkampu.

U kwamkelwa

I-Platonov yayingabonakali njengabantu ababephila nabo. Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka yee-1980, ubungqina bakhe obucacileyo bangela umdla kumhlaba. Ulwimi lwakhe olumangalisayo kunye nendlela yokubonakalisa ngayo, kunye nendlela yokuphila ebunzima ekugqibeleni ifumene abayithandayo kwaye bayayixabisa. Nangona kunjalo, imisebenzi eminingi yeClatonov ayizange ishicilelwe okwamanje.