Ezweni zesiFundo Lermontov M.Yu. imibongo Lermontov malunghana na kwilizwe

Mihail Yurevich Lermontov, ngokuqinisekileyo omnye kwiimbongi ezinkulu Russian, ogama izise iincwadi udumo lwethu lonke ilizwe. Ngomhla ixabiso sicinywa wayo belingana buchopho ezinkulu ezifana Alexander Pushkin and NV Gogol.

Amaxesha eziphambili ezinobuchule imbongi: Romantic (1828-1832), utshintsho (1833-1836) noqolileyo (1837-1841). Subject lakubo ngo Lermontov enqamleza wonke umsebenzi wakhe.

Ukususela kwiminyaka yoo-1830s, imbongi uqala ukufumana ekumitheni awodwa zothando inkqubo zembali zentlalo, kwasekwa ngelo xesha bayo bulumko yaseYurophu kunye historiography (AV Schlegel, Hegel-GF, GG Gervinus And z. abelusi et al.), kwakunye iincwadi Russian kanye zaseYurophu (Schiller, Goethe, Bestuzhev, W. Scott, N. Field, K. Ryleev, ekuqaleni Gogol kunye nabanye).

amaxesha zonxibelelwano kunye nezizukulwana

Njengoko bathi I. Goethe, igcisa kufuneka uzive le nkqubo ukuhlanganisa ndawonye mandulo nangoku. Ngokuka GG Gervinus, umntu zokudala njengelungu intswelo yakhe ukuba ibe ukulwa 'empini isiphelo. " Isiphelo kuqondwa ukufezekisa uxhulumaniso ongunaphakade phakathi elizayo kunye neziganeko elidlulileyo kwixesha langoku.

Eqonda ngokwayo indima efanayo, Lermontov uthatha ukhuseleko lomntu. Ukuziva ukudityaniswa ikwizizukulwana kweminyaka, uMikhail ngexesha elinye ngokuya ngokusebenzisa abana babo ephawulekayo. Kulombono esiphikisana kwi ezingqondweni sizathu elidlulileyo yobugorha yabantu Russian. Oku ke kuthintela le ukubaxhaphaza, isenzo ebalulekileyo lwentlalo uthando lokwenene, okubangela kunye nabantu kuluntu phambili kakhulu, uwafake ezizibeni kwinqanaba elitsha self-lokuphumeza yokuziphatha kunye nophuhliso.

Ubuntu-esinemigangatho ingunaphakade

Owahlukileyo elidluleyo ngoku, Lermontov, umxholo endalo nezwe leyo ityhilwe imisebenzi emininzi, ngokutsho VF Egorova, ufuna ukuba singasondeli formula "yesazisi-imbali-kanaphakade" component eliphakathi. Ekhalazela imbali, uMikhail ubona umsebenzi wayo ukubambana isizukulwana owayephila ngexesha yokungenzi nokunganaki (umbongo "Duma") kunye ukuzikhunjuzwa elidluleyo obuzukileyo yobuqhawe abantu ( "Borodino").

DS Merezhkovsky debunks le ntsomi asolwa Solovyov "yeedemon" Lermontov. Uthi ukuba ngamanye amaxesha, ukufunda iincwadi mihla, engazi wacinga kuvela ukuba waba yokwenene badinwe Russian. Unxibelelwano phakathi kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu edlulileyo endle iincwadi leyinene, umbhali abhale, batshabalale. Oku kuboniswe ngemisebenzi Lermontov.

"Ingoma malunga Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich"

"Ingoma malunga Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich ..." ifakwe kwi kwisicatshulwa uyindumasi olunye wadala ngumbhali njengephupha, ephupheni elidlulileyo edume ezizukileyo xa Russian ukuba 'ukuvuka abantu' ekwaziyo ngumbingelelo, isenzo sobugorha nangezenzo egameni iinjongo eziphezulu, " umthetho ongunaphakade 'ukuba nywa umntu izenzo zobuqhawe ezinjalo. Ezo ithutyana elide, kodwa ngonaphakade kuhlala kwimemori abantu, ngokudibanisa "yethutyana" ukuba "kanaphakade". ezweni zesiFundo Lermontov ngokufuthi zityhileke njani kwezi zenzo, apho, ngokutsho uMikhail Yurevich, zenza ntsomi ezinye wentsomi kuba wegcisa kunye umbhali njengoko Alexander wathi, Pushkin, "abonwabileyo" kunokuba iinkumbulo zembali.

Amazwi uhlobo entsha

Lermontov wadala Imibongo yakhe amazwi uhlobo olutsha zidityaniswe zibe intsebenziswano ngqo yesithethe, imbali kunye namava lobuqu ingcamango bulumko yakutshanje. Kwakhona kuhlelwe yi ukunxanelwa ulonwabo emhlabeni reflection ngokwasengqondweni, gabalala zobuqu iinkanuko neemvakalelo, ezingcwele, igama nobuntu kunye nentetho ngemihla.

Lermontov yayisekelwe zonke iingqiqo kubalulekile bulumko ngalo mntu kunye umntu (Kant, GWF Hegel, Schelling, Fichte IG et al.), Kodwa akazange Shiyiselanani namnye kubo. into enkondlo ijikwe ibe ngesixhobo self-lwazi kunye nolwazi yehlabathi, ukoyisa neentsilelo rationalism kunye subjectivism bulumko ezendeleyo romanticism mihla, ukuphelisa nokungavisisani inyaniso wanamhla, ndileqeka kufuna imilinganiselo yokwenene ngokomoya.

MY Lermontov, ebhenca imeko ebuhlungu Russia mihla kunye nokucinga umntu kweli lizwe, yonke imihla bafuna iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukubuyela umntu liphela yesizwe, abantu, intonga kaThixo. Ngenxa yoko, imbongi, ukufunxa kunye ukugaya impumelelo Russian nehlabathi yokucinga zemibongo, ndivula amathuba ukwenzela uphuhliso kwicala elitsha - symbolist izibongo eyimbalasane 19 neyama-20, kwakunye yonke elizayo kwimibongo.

ezweni Subject kwisihobe Lermontov ivula ngexesha anzima yenguqu. Namandla imizwa of Lermontov kuthwelwe kwihlabathi ngamava kunye neengcinga eziphuhliswe ubuntu yokomoya xesha wesimanje lotshintsho. , Njengoko imbongi kwi umda phakathi ukwandiswa kwenkqubo serf feudal kunye nokunqongophala kwixesha elizayo, oko ngamandla lubonakaliswa le meko eliphakathi yengqondo, eqwenga amatyathanga shackling amagama bakhe ubudala, kodwa engafumani iziseko ezintsha.

MY Lermontov. Homeland: umxholo umbono

ezweni zesiFundo imisebenzi Lermontov, ukuzalana ngamnye urhulumente ngenkani uMikhail Yurevich ukufikelela ukusetwa iingxaki zokuziphatha kunye nezentlalo-bulumko bukhali. Ngelo xesha nye ayiphelelanga, njengoko inani kwingcamango imbongi wawungelothotho kolunxulumano kwindawo kuluntu kunye umntu, usibona ngokwembono wendalo iphela.

"Duma"

Ubuntu ubonisa Lermontov ngokuchasene kwihlabathi lonke ukuba luyasebenza, kodwa yingozi kukukhanyela yakhe yonke into ambophelele inkululeko neminqweno eziphakamileyo. Kulo mzekelo, imbongi amathuba bexesha lakhe. Kulo mbongo "Duma," zibhaliwe ngo-1838, kukho ingcamango buhlungu kakhulu kwisizukulwana, bagwetyelwe ukuya ebomini ngaphandle kokushiya, azafunyanelwa ndawo kwimbali, ithatha iphupha bubutsha xa ubuqhawe yothando.

Lermontov waziva unyanzelekile ukuba wazise bexesha lakhe inyaniso malunga meko apho kwakukho isazela sabo kunye nomoya. Xa uluvo uMikhail Yurevich, yaba othobekileyo, ongenamqolo, bubugwala isizukulwana ubomi ngaphandle ithemba ngekamva. Le mpumelelo imbongi xa mhlawumbi nzima ngaphezu ekuzimiseleni ngenxa yokuba ilizwe labo kunye nenkululeko yayo ukuba afe itheko. Ngenxa kodwa iintshaba Lermontov kungekuphela, kwanabo kuba lowo ingxelo le nyaniso ibuhlungu, uMikhail Yurevich etyholwa uyintlebi kuluntu lwanamhlanje. VG kuphela Belinsky ngokuqonda kwakhe kakhulu zinokubonakala kwi "ibande entle natured" sengqondo kubomi Lermontov nokholo imbeko nesidima ubomi babantu.

A feat egameni le lweZwekazi

UMikhail wayengafuni kwaye tu iingcamango zakhe. Zonke imihobe, imidlalo, imihobe iinkxwaleko xa usiba lwakhe kule minyaka ilishumi loyilo olunzulu - oku ngokwenene feat egameni lokhokho kunye nenkululeko. ezweni zesiFundo imisebenzi Lermontov lubonakala kuphela xa kukuzukiswa uloyiso Russian kulo mbongo "Borodino", kule migca odumileyo "Ndiyamthanda labo ...", kodwa emininzi imisebenzi, ezo nto ukuthetha ngqo malunga inkululeko, kungekhona malunga akubo, kodwa ngenxa ukuqeshwa imbongi, bayahlelwa sizukulwana, eli gazi ungenangqiqo, umbanjwa ndililolo, kuselubala lobomi, ekuthinjweni. Ekhumbula isizukulwana owayephila ngexesha elidlulileyo yobuqhawe abantu ( "Ingoma malunga Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich", "Borodino"), wavakalisa ukholo amandla enobuchule nokobuqhawe zabantu, nto leyo singoyisa nentlekele elizayo, imbali imeko yangoku. Ukuthanda Lermontov kwilizwe ebisebenza, umsebenzi.

hero Lermontov ngayo kulo mbongo "Ukususela Andreya Shene" ibonisa imfuneko amanyathelo zikarhulumente imisebenzi, "10 Julayi 1830" kunye "Julayi 30 (Paris) 1830" Ifuna ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kule mpi olululo kwaye iyakwamkela nxaxheba, kulo mbongo "uqikelelo" ngemizobo yakhe wakhanga qhankqalazo.

Homeland kule lyric ekuqaleni

Amaqhawe izibongo yokuqala - Byron kunye uNapoleon - uMikhail kwakhona ucula isenzo yoluntu. Noko ke, intshumayelo yakhe kuphazamiseka inguqu, ngathi iqhawe volitional inyathelo uNapoleon, ziyaphikisana. Lermontov wabhala ukuba unyaka omnye sibi xa ukumkani kwalo, abantu baya kuyeka ukuba umthande uKumkani, kwaye 'ukutya abaninzi kukufa kunye negazi. " picture ochazwe - umphumo kwimvukelo kweli lizwe - yinto esibuhlungu eyahlukileyo kakhulu koko ixesha eyonwabileyo ukuba ufuna liqhawe. Yeyona apotheosis sisiphithiphithi, ukutshatyalaliswa, ukubandezeleka engenabuntu.

"Ipredikshini"

Kulo mbongo "Ipredikshini", eyabhalwa imbongi nokuba elinamithandathu 1830, Lermontov uprofeta ntlekele kolu imiphumo ebuhlungu iziganeko ezinjalo. Eli nani eyoyikekayo umxhomi ke ithetha kwi ingubo emnyama. Esi sikweko umfanekiso yobumnyama nezangaphakathi, zibonakale ngoku ngenxa nentshinyela yomsi kunye leminyaka.

Sele kwimibongo yakhe ekuqaleni Lermontov ubonisa ukungakholelwa abantu ebomini, lithemba. Kamva, ekuvaleni nokutsala neMuse Byron, yena uzama ukufumana inkxaso iinjongo zabo eneneni ngokwayo. ezweni zesiFundo Lermontov iqalisa ukubetha ezahlukeneyo. Uchaza uthando kuba ilizwe lokuzalwa (ukucinga, umzekelo, i "iphandle" uhlalutyo ivesi ye Lermontov), yimvakalelo ukuhlanganisa ulwazi nendalo, uzimilisa namava ngokuvisisana iphela ( 'Xa amaza yellowing kwifama ").

"Borodino"

ezweni Subject ubonakaliswa kulo mbongo odumileyo "Borodino" kwi Lermontov. Lo msebenzi lwapapashwa "Contemporary" ngo-1837. Imbali lo mbongo iya emva mibongo yokuqala romantic "Field of Borodino." Lermontov ngeendlela ezininzi batshintsha umsebenzi yokuqala. Indawo isithethi ayaziwa, inkululeko-yothando, kodwa abstract yakhe volnolyubiya, wathabatha "umalume" - ngumbalisi kakhulu prosaic, njengoko uhlalutyo ivesi kulo. Lermontov kwazalelwa ibukeka esengqiqweni ngakumbi ngenxa isicatshulwa, ezinye iindawo umgangatho ayinyamezeleki ziye ukucocwa, akazange ne ubunyani izenzakalo. Ezifana yemozulu embi, isiphango romantic, leyo kuthiwa kwenzeka ngomhla olwandulela emfazweni, liye lathatyathelw 'indawo ebusuku ukuwa ecacileyo, leyo kwakuhambisana yokwenene. Akuzange kube nje isibakala wolungiso, ezifana kulandela ubungqina yokwenene bokudlala isipho creative of Lermontov. Ngoko ke, "Borodino" iya isiba belingana obukhulu inkulu "iTestamente," "Homeland olusengqiqweni Lermontov kaThixo" yaye "Valerik".

Ukutshintsha uhlobo

imibongo Lermontov phezu komxholo othi "Homeland" iye yatshintsha ngokupheleleyo kunye uhlobo yayo. Didactics kuphikisana ekuqaleni "Borodino Field" sele andigweqe, didactics isigqebelo esibalisayo yendalo elula ngabom kwaye icacile. Imveliso "Borodino" kuyinto entsha. Kunoko, oko kuyinto inoveli yayisetyenziselwa, apho imeko edabini aphambukele polemic yakhe an egalelwe, ngababuthuntu, namdla, ngokutsho wembongi, ngokwenene. Belinsky ngayo "Borodino" njengoko mbini yomsebenzi apho wendawo yangasemva - ibali iqhawe endala, ekuvezeni sengqiqweni isigcawu imfazwe, umbono wakhe, ngoxa yesibini - ubukrakra ungcikivo, nokuchasanisa elidlulileyo langoku, uqiniseka kuba nempembelelo ngakumbi kulo mbongo "Duma".

ezweni zesiFundo Lermontov kuhlangene nengqiqo besizwe kunye nabantu. Belinsky waphawula ukuba Lermontov wazaliswa ngumoya uhlanga, zadityaniswa ndawonye naye. Qaphela kwakhona ukuba imbongi elisetyenziweyo nexesha elongezelelweyo kwisithuba kungekho kukhula. Ngaloo minyaka kuphakamisa umbuzo yophuhliso ngakumbi karhulumente kunye nekamva layo. UMikhail Yurevich Kwavela izwe ekuseni kakhulu yaye kamva yaba yeyona ibalulekileyo. Ngoxa inkwenkwe elinesihlanu, MY Lermontov, Homeland umxholo enqamleza wonke umsebenzi, wabhala wathi: "Mna ndiyamthanda ekhaya ngakumbi abaninzi" (umbongo "Ndabona emthunzini sindiso ...").

Le hero entsha lyrical

Emva kokuba utshintsho 1837 hero ombambazelayo kakhulu; yena waqala ukuziva ukulingana kunye nabanye abantu, kude yomoya. Ukuchaza ngokwawo njengexhoba kwexesha, uyacenga ummeli wakhe. Kukho umdla ebomini kunye nabanye abantu, nkqu ngokomoya, umthendeleko ngaphakathi kunye nabo, maxa wambi iba utshintsho ibe ijoni okanye ibanjwa ( "Ummelwane", "Abamelwane", "umbanjwa," "mthinjwa Knight"). Kulo kelelo iqhawe amathuba amatsha. Uyaziva ngamandla ngamampunge exabisekileyo, le undecidability ephikisanayo yayo yangaphakathi, uzama ukufumana inkxaso ukwenzela iinjongo zabo. Ngokutsha uqalisa isandi kunye umxholo lokhokho ngemisebenzi Lermontov.

Umfanekiso ifuzisela lokhokho

Le mbongi, ekubeni naye, waza wadala umfanekiso nolahlo ngokubanzi yokomfuziselo kwilizwe labo. imibongo Lermontov phezu komxholo othi "Homeland" ibonisa ngokungathi kugcinwa izimvo ethile. UMikhail Lermontov, lakubo kwakuthetha lukhulu wamdelela abantu abangenayo kuyo, kungekho ukubandezeleka, kunokutshiseka. Ufanisa ukuba emafini (umbongo "Amafu", 1840), njalo kubanda kunye evakalala, ifike ngasezantsi evela emasimini benesithukuthezi uludlolo.