Kestler Artur: biography kunye nemisebenzi

NgoSeptemba 1905 ikomkhulu Hungary, Budapest, owazalwa Kestler Artur, umbhali elizayo, luthandwa we meni Soviet, usindileyo Adventures waza waphumelela ikamva.

usapho

Uyise umbhali UHenrik Koestler owazalwa engowembewu abafuduki abasuka eRashiya, usomashishini yimpumelelo, kodwa umphandi kakhulu ngempumelelo kangako. Wenza nesepha wathengisa ngokubanzi kucingwa zonyango, nto leyo ezele izinto radioactive. Emva kokuba ya nxaniso ngokungenalusini wafa ngowe-1937 ngumhlaza. Unyana wakhe, Kestler Artur, mhlawumbi, le isepha lendlele ikwasetyenziswa, kodwa kancinane, kuba waphila ixesha elide, nangona ubunzima nemfazwe, kodwa wafa wegazi.

kwafika unina zombhali ukusuka kwintsapho koohlohlesakhe Austria abahlwempuzekileyo kodwa abanekratshi. Kunzima kakhulu ndati yokunqaphela e Budapest, eli chweba asebukhosini. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba le ukunyanzelisa intsapho yakhe ngowe-1918 wafudukela Vienna, apho commerce umyeni wakhe lehla. Xa amaNazi wangumlawuli, kunye nomyeni wakhe wafa, yena wasala ubunzima obukhulu ukuba kwilizwekazi ukugula-lombutho yaye bafudukela eNgilani. Kuxhomekeke kuye Kestler Artur "abosulelwe" kunye nothando olu hlanga siqithi.

imbongi young

ukufunda kunjalo kwisikolo isiHungary, lo mfana waba ukwazi clever, ukufumana aptitude enkulu kweyobunzululwazi. Ngokuzithandela wabhala umbongo esemncinane. Ekubeni isikolo isiHungary, kunye nelahleko ngasekhohlo kwakhe kwilizwe kunye Ndithelekelele.

ntle yentsapho ngo-1922 ngokucacileyo akazange lingaphumi, Azitywine, kodwa elinesixhenxe Kestler Artur wakwazi ukungena Vienna isikolo zobugcisa, nto leyo imfundo ephakamileyo, njengoko waba isimo eyunivesithi. Kwizifundo zakhe, yena zidityanisiwe ezi zifundo zibini eguquguqukayo: kwimathematika kwengqondo. Kwaye, kakade, wahlabela mgama ukubhala, nangona nemvano-siphelo. Kwiminyaka emine emva koko, lo mfana kwazeka kuyo eYurophu intatheli.

uhambo

Ukususela ngo-1926, unyaka Arthur Koestler, ogama engobomi is efakwe ngenkankulu kunokufaniswa yindawo elikuyo ngokhenketho abahambi ukufunda njengoko ukupapasha Ulshtayna intatheli ezafika amazwe amaninzi zoMbindi Mpuma, wasebenza eJamani, eOstriya, Spain France. Onke amabali bakhe baba nje umdla kuluntu ukufunda - ukuba silinde, wafuna, balaba nabo.

ngokukhawuleza kakhulu udumo oselula Koestler wafumana "umgangatho" amatsha - ukuba abe nendumasi. Waphumelela izincoko bakhe, iingxelo, nkqu ukuvumelana zincinane ukugqithisa ukuya umfundi ibaluleke kakhulu umdla. lilizwi, Kakade ke, ekuqaleni ene- virtuoso. Ukuze i-North Pole ngo-1931 wacelwa ukuba ukubhabha intatheli enye. Yaba Arthur Koestler, ogama iincwadi uyixoxe kakhulu beyazi, uziphose indiza odumileyo yaseJamani ebizwa i "Graf Zeppelin".

test

Ukuqokelela izinto ngomsebenzi wakhe eSpeyin, sehlelwa imfazwe yamakhaya, Koestler yathinjwa e Malaga Franco waza wagwetyelwa ukufa ngenxa zaseMelika. iinyanga ezintlanu ubude Walinda yonke imihla, ehleli ndivalelwe ndedwa, xa beza kuye yaye kuya kukhokelela ekufeni. Phantse kwisiqingatha sonyaka ukulinda bonke nako ukuma. Linda lokufa kwakhe, ephulaphula isandi seenyawo epasejini - kwaye apha kwakhona?

Ngelo xesha, uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe ngonyawo, iindwalutho eziphuma kwamanye amazwe benza konke okusemandleni ukuze kukhuselwe ukukhululwa intatheli odumileyo. indoda ucingisise kakhulu yajika Kestler Artur. Iifoto ezo minyaka jikelele ibonisa oku ngokucacileyo. Ekugqibeleni, umfazi zombhali kwaye unikezele Franco pilot emkhosini.

creed

A lot of ngabantu abakrelekrele abasuka kumazwe awahlukeneyo kwi banesifo zenkulungwane lokugqibela wayenethemba ukuba ukuphumelela olu lingelo yiSoviet, ngenxa yokuba enye indlela ephumelelayo komjikelo lobungangamsha yobuFasi eYurophu. Arthur Koestler zahlangana Communist Party ngo-1931, phakathi elishumi kwakhe phantse unyaka waya eSoviet Union, yaye ezininzi iindwendwe e Central Asia ngaphambili. iincwadi zakhe ngaphambili, kwakunye iinoveli zopolitiko ibonisa ngokucacileyo eli xesha ebomini bakhe.

Xa banesifo emva kwenkulungwane lokugqibela Koestler razochatovalsya kwinkqubo yobukomanisi ndaza ndayeka ukuba msinyane nje ukuba wafunda ukucikideka Bukharin, naye wayeqhelene, yaye kukugcina nobuhlobo. Inoveli, nto leyo eye phantsi kwezi ziganeko Arthur Koestler - "Ubumnyama kwi Noon" ekuqaleni ayenxiba igama elahlukileyo. Umbhali waqaphela ukuhlanjululwa-sharing 1937-1938 njengoko ekhawuntaleni-revolution angakwazi lizwe eSoviet. Ngowe-1940 wapapasha incwadi yakhe entsha Arthur Koestler. "Ubumnyama at Noon" eLondon, epapashwe nesihloko "Ubumnyama kwi Noon" - in translation IsiNgesi evela German, kwaye yokuqala lathathwa ngexesha yokusetsha nobutyobo ebilahlekile. Entshonalanga, sadibana inoveli anti-eSoviet, unovelwano kakhulu, nkqu elininzi ababhali ezifana Orwell.

adventures

Ngexesha Second World War, Koestler wakhonza French AseFransi, yaye emva koko bakhutshwe naye Afrika, apho eyeke ngempumelelo. Via Lisbon waya eNgilani, apho waphinda wachitha inyanga enesiqingatha entolongweni. Hayi ukuba ukweqa kunye yokungena mthethweni kwi-UK. It wamkhulula wavuma kuphela basebenzisane. Ngoko ke kwakhona, Koestler waba ntliziyo. Ukubandakanya Minesweeper, kodwa enyanisweni wayesebenza phezu ze kunomathotholo, wabhala amaphetshana kuba amajoni Wehrmacht, into emandiyenze malunga totalitarianism. Kwaye kwafuneka ukuba babe semsebenzini ngexesha iziqhushumbisi. Kungenxa yokuba wayesazi ukuba ukuqhuba indlela imoto, ukuba siphathiswe inqwelo yezigulana.

Ngowe-1942, ngelo nokutshitshiswa kwee-Ministry of Information, wabhala izikripthi kunye namaphetshana, kwaye lwenziwa radio BBC. Ukuphela kwemfazwe, Koestler zakhetha yokuhlala yokuqala ukuya eFransi, apho wayitshabalalisa phantse yonke bakhe kumzabalazo ubuchule yekhasi nxamnye amaKomanisi. ukuphoxeka yakhe namandla ukuba buhlungu yaye abazange baphumelele ngonaphakade. Imibutho ngeenkongolo anti-yobukomanisi, iimali ezixhasa inkululeko yengqondo, eyaye yachulumancisa Berliners kumacala omabini eludongeni. Hayi ngaphandle imisebenzi elungileyo; kwi fund care yakhe zabelwe imali unyango Ivan Bunin.

ubuqambi

Ukususela ngo-1954, lo nyaka umbhali wayehlala eLondon, apho wathabatha ngummi yaseBritani. Kunye izifundo kwiiyunivesithi kunye nomsebenzi yezenzululwazi Steenforde incwadi entsha, a ekuboneni. Artur Kestler "The Age yinkanuko" Wabhala ngokukhethekileyo: Abafundi kufuneka ukuba angenise umonakalo ngokupheleleyo ngokufika ukuya amandla Communist Party yaseFransi. On isihloko efanayo apapasha incwadi lokugqibela leminyaka - ". Umendo ledayinaso 'amanqaku kunye namabali amafutshane Xa amahlanu zenkulungwane lokugqibela Koestler sele ecinga inkululeko ngokwasengqondweni phantsi emthunzini efini mushroom. Noko ke, abaphulaphuli wayefuna kukoyikisa wamaKomanisi kunye ukuqhushumba enyukliya ngomumo, ngokungathi undilibele, ogama iingalo zatshatyalaliswa iHiroshima Nagasaki.

Kodwa kwakukho "imfazwe ngokucofa iqhosha lokulayita", kodwa ngenxa yokuba iincwadi Koestler zixatyiswa kakhulu kunene. Ngo-1967 waye wachongwa ukuba Nobel Prize, kwaye ngo-1968 waphumelela Zonninga. Xa yoma zenkulungwane afika imisebenzi eziqokelelweyo dvadtsatitomnik zombhali. Britain, Kwakhona, wayeyixabisa imisebenzi Koestler - Order of the Empire baseBritani yanikezelwa umbhali ngo-1972, yaye kwiminyaka emibini kamva waba Knight iincwadi - umxholo yamandulo Wawongwa the Royal Society of Literature.

kwiminyaka yakutshanje

Umbhali usoloko zikhuthazwe ukuba semthethweni ukufa ngokuzithandela (ukubulawa), wada waba usekela-mongameli yoluntu, abaye balwa ukuba ilungelo ukufa ngesidima. Kwaye 1980, wakwazi ukungqina ziinkolelo umzekelo uxhathiso. Ekubeni ubudala wenza ngokwayo waziva sisifo Parkinson kunye nokuphuhlisa ngokukhawuleza leukemia (isepha Tata!), Elizayo ukuqikelela ezibuhlungu kakhulu yokutshabalala. Le wesithathu ngoMatshi 1983 umbhali Arthur Koestler kunye nomfazi wakhe uCynthia bathabathe iipilisi ulele, ophawulwe nge ephezulu.

Yonke imeko yabo ukudlulisela nasekufundweni nesenzeko nobani, ngenxa apho yayiququzelelwe University of Edinburgh iqela lophando uLawulo അഡ്മിനിസ്ട്രേറ്റര് Koestler uLawulo അഡ്മിനിസ്ട്രേറ്റര് Unit. Igama Umbhali Russian kaThixo Koestler yaziwa kuphela inguqu, nangona ngo-1937, "Guard Young" epapashwe "lixhoba zibonwe" lakhe - incwadi malunga Franco kunye inkohlakalo ngokungenalusini karhulumente ekuqalekeni yemvukelo. Ukongeza, lo mxholo enikezelwe kuye nabanye incwadi anti-zwilakhe epapashwe eLondon - "iTestamente Spanish," ngoko abafundi zokwaziswa lo lindixesha "Foreign Uncwadi" (okwangoku, "International Literature"). Ukususela kwakhululwa incwadi intshutshiso nabani eRashiya ayenziwanga sikhunjuzwa Koestler.

fiction

Ngowe-1951 Ndabona kukhululwe yenzululwazi ekwincwadi - izifundo zangaphambili, maye. Artur Kestler "The Age yinkanuko" wabhala kwakhona malunga isisongelo eSoviet noxolo: yintshukumo kufuphi elizayo, France sele ukuba ahlasele amajoni Russian balungiselela ukuba ukubetha uluhlu hero engundoqo ye inoveli, kodwa ihlabathi izama ukugcina yaseMelika, nto leyo yombhali wamthanda nale ofisi silo.

A lot of neenoveli, amabali amafutshane, kwaye idlala Koestler ebhaliweyo kule uhlobo. Yobeka phi aziwa izincoko bakhe wefilosofi. "Somnabuly", "Act of Creation", "Ityala maxoxo umbelekisi" - zonke ezi umsebenzi enye indlela okanye enye onxulumene inqubo yombhali kunye neembono zakhe anti-yobukomanisi. Artur Kestler "ghost kwi umatshini" (or "UMoya kwi Machine") Kwakhona ngayo uhlobo lwesincoko. Wayengomnye abaxhasi ubalaseleyo ingcamango amaYuda Ashkenazi, okuthiwa andizanga ukusuka ePalestina, kodwa zamaTurkic Khazars ukusuka iVolga nkanyamba. Kwakhona, waba nomdla inkqubo yokucinga zenzululwazi. Ezi zibona kakhulu umdla, kunye namanye, wazalisa phantse yonke umbhali isincoko ezininzi.

"Anatomy of snobbery"

Arthur Koestler i uphando esinzulu yaqala emva kokuba uphononongo oluthatha ixesha elide elide zemveli, ubuthathaka kuphela IsiNgesi. Umbhali wabhala kwaneento zonke awazibonayo wahlanganisa, enoburharha, nakubeni wathamba, kodwa ngokuchasene - mhlophe, wabonisa iimpawu zokugula impucuko ngokubanzi, kunye noluntu IsiNgesi ingakumbi, ukubana lwamaxabiso zenkcubeko nezentlalo, void-bulumko. "Anatomy of snobbery", nangona phecana, wajika enzulu kakhulu, umsebenzi kakhulu kwenziwe.

i Khazars

"Isizwe yeshumi elinesithathu" Arthur Koestler ubhala kwakhona malunga Khazars, ukususela umbono wakhe - yamaYuda. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ncwadi kakhulu voluminous, isihloko ebanzi kakhulu ukuba ayigqitywanga ngokupheleleyo. Inxalenye yokuqala ichaza i Khazars ngolo hlobo, kwaye eyesibini esilawulwa ubungqina esi sithembiso. Ukongezelela, ngokutsho umbhali, onke amazwe aseYurophu baye kuphela amaYuda Khazar imvelaphi. Ndifunda le ncwadi Kulula kakhulu, nangona iimbekiselo ezininzi nembali kunye nolwazi ubuncinane abafundi ngalo naliphi na inqanaba malunga Khazars ngokwabo.

umdla Ubunono ukufumana ulwazi olutsha, ukuze bandise imida iinkcukacha ezithe zathengwa ngaphambili (Khazar Khanate kunye idabi Ili Muromtsa - apha, mhlawumbi, yaye yonke into phambi kokufunda le ncwadi ngalo mbandela eyaziwa). Noko ke, ndingathanda ukubona indlela ebaluleke ngakumbi usasazo kwenkqubo yerhafu, umkhosi, isakhelo sabalawuli kunye nabanye abaninzi. Kodwa kakhulu kwexesha ukuzisa amabango yombhali. ezincwadini zesayensi Popular, uhlobo ezibandakanya imveliso, kokuba wanyamezela.

xa ebona kwimbali

Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, impendulo Koestler anti-kwamaJuda nje, waba naye originelen. Ukuwa yeembacu Khazars Khanate bathontelana kulo lonke elaseYurophu, njengoko kunjalo namhla, abafuduki isuka eMiddle East. Ingxam iphambili Khazars abazibiza kubuYuda kwaye iziphumo kwamaza eziliqela enjalo lokufuduka. Abase ke ukuba akukho Semites, ke ngoko, anti-kwamaJuda obangwe njenge ndlela, utsho Koestler.

Kumaphepha "wesizwe weshumi" izicatshulwa ngaphambili ezininzi ebaleka, ukufunda okanye ezinxulumene nje lo mbuzo: ingaba ke imithombo yaseByzantium, abahambi yokwenene Arab, "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka", imisebenzi Toynbee, Artamonov, Vernadsky, yaye kusekho nezinye ngembali ngokulinganayo ezaziwayo-kakuhle. Noko ke, ngendlela eyahlukileyo yaye ebona ukusekwa, kwaye ukuwa kwimo Khazars Arthur Koestler.

"Inkathazo"

Koestler kwakhona engaqhelekanga donos ukuba umfundi umbono ezaziwayo-kakuhle iziganeko zembali njengoko enjalo imvukelo nguSpartacus. Kufuneka Kuthiwa phantse emihlanu, umbhali uye wafunda zihlalutywe izinto, kodwa akucaci indlela abalisa bantsebenzo kweshumi circus eziliqela ukuze ngokukhawuleza ukucofa nesandla wonke umkhosi ukulidla isiqingatha Italy. Umbhali ubona isizathu ngokoyiswa revolution spineless uSpartacus, apho bekumele ukuba okhohlakeleyo, ukuba ufuna ukuphumelela.