Cai Lun. Imbali ingenzeka iphepha

Kangangeenkulungwane Chinese bakholwa bonke abahlala ecaleni kwabo abamelwane amaqaba. Kubonakala ngathi bona lokukhuselwa ihlabathi ngaphandle, kwaye phantse akazange kungena ukudibana nabantu abavela ngaphandle. Kangangethuba elide bodwa ababhali yaseTshayina iimbongi bakwazi ukwenza banenkcubeko eyahluke mpela, abaqambi kunye izazinzulu njengoko isalele ngasemva.

Ubungakanani kuphuhliso China kumaxesha amandulo

Ngaloo mihla, xa ihlabathi ngukumkani kudala, amaTshayina baye basebenzisa ibe luthuthu babhala ephepheni. Imbali isenzeko lephepha kakhulu elide kakhulu umdla. Okokuqala, amaTshayina kusetyenziswa namaqokobhe ufudo xa ubhala abalinganiswa. Basaba zikhona yaye yomhla we II leminyaka BC. ngoko ke enambuzelayo imisongo isilika, iziqwengana ezingcakacileyo ngoqalo nodongwe iipilisi yokubhala.

Ekuqaleni ngenkulungwane II ebudeni bolawulo ye-Chinese Han Dynasty wezikhakhamela uluhlu iphepha ceba ephantsi. Ngokutsho kwizithethe ngelo xesha, iphepha eyenziwe isilika. Cai Lun wahamba ngendlela efanayo, kodwa, uhlabe ash iinkuni kunye hemp. Le nto iye amandla enkulu, ngenxa omiswe yayo elangeni kunye namatye smoothing. Kuba oku qambo Cai Lun ezivela * uKhesare kwisikhundla esiphezulu waza wathabatha anendima kuluntu Chinese.

Xa siqwalasela ngokweenkcukacha ekuvelisweni lobuchwepheshe bephepha, omashini Lun, sinako uqaphele ukuba ugqibe kwelokuba kuyekelela iingceba isilika kwigridi, ezithi ke ngoko uyahambelana kwaye utyebile ngamanzi. Ngaphambi koku, iifayibha isilika waba emhlabeni, waphula nangezando, esongeza kakhulu nentwana yamanzi. Oku kwenza izinto lokugqibela zaqina kwaye ashinyeneyo ngokwaneleyo yokubhala. I-inki ephepheni ngokukhawuleza kangaka bucinyiwe, yaye iincwadi ngokwabo kwaye yemihla wajika eluthulini. Lo mgaqo sisiseko zemveliso iphepha nangemihla yethu.

Enye inzuzo Cai Lun koko up Weza indlela ukwenza iphepha le imicu ezahlukeneyo. Emva ukusungulwa mali umgaqo enjalo zeentsalela inkunkuma angekho ngaphantsi. Ukongeza, iphepha Cai Lun akazange kuphela ngcono, kodwa axabisa ukuvelisa, kwakubalulekile ngoku ngaloo mihla.

Umsunguli iphepha

Ubuntu buchopho elikhulu kakhulu umdla. Cai Lun wazalwa kunyaka wamashumi amahlanu ngayo ixesha lethu. Malunga ebuntwaneni bakhe nto ayaziwa. Lo mntu ikhankanyiwe kuphela ngowama-65 BC: njengoko elinesihlanu bafana, Cai Lun waqalisa ukukhonza ebhotweni asebukhosini. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe onzima, inkuthalo kunye noxanduva, wemka waya ileli xesha ngalinye umlawuli, lowo bakhonza, yaye kwakukho abaninzi emihlanu. Bonke abalawuli baye baphawula italente ezibalaseleyo le ndoda, yaye basasaza amarhe njengoko oyingcali ekhethekileyo. Njengoko bekhula Cai Lun wathembela intloko arsenal zabalawuli. Kwaba khona ukuba yokuqala yabonisa ulangazelelo lwakhe kunawo, ngokuqulunqa izikhali ezitsha ezimbalwa nokuphucula umgangatho zikhoyo.

Paper ngaphandle China

Kodwa akuphelelanga apho imbali zisenzeka kwephepha. Inkqubo noun wayeqhubeka. Ingakumbi Chinese ngenzondelelo wabona ukuba ngasese babo bangene ezandleni zayo nayiphi na State. Kodwa ngo phakathi VII kwinkulungwane, iphepha ngokufihlakeleyo waziwa ngaphandle kwe China. Baqalisa ukusebenzisa eJapan ne India. Emva koko, kwinkulungwane IX iphepha Chinese yawa ezandleni-Arabhu, yaye emva koko bafudukela Europe.

nokuphuculwa kwenkqubo

EYurophu, ubugcisa bemveliso iphepha unenzondelelo iinguqu ezibalulekileyo. trendsetter kulo mba yaba eNetherlands ngenxa yokuba amandla ayo aphezulu imveliso kunye iqondo elikhulu kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho. Ngenkulungwane XVII, i-Dutch akwazi ukuphucula zonke izigaba zenkqubo, enkosi ukusungulwa ezintsha ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa. Nangona ekuqaleni kwinkulungwane XII, imveliso iphepha yaqala eFransi Italy.

Paper e Russia

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVII netheknoloji imveliso iphepha sele ifikelele naseRashiya. Kwiminyaka engama-30 yenkulungwane XVII, okusila yokuqala ekuveliseni iphepha wayebekwe khona. Kakade ngexesha Peter I kwiinkalo eMoscow St Petersburg, eyasungulwa ematyeni eziliqela kunye mveliso omkhulu. Kangangethuba elide yoBukhosi Russian ayikwazanga ukunika ngokwabo ngephepha ezikumgangatho ophezulu, kwafuneka kusithenga Holland. Noko ke, njengokuba nohlaziyo woshishino Peter I, ilizwe lethu liye wakwazi ukuseka ishishini kwephepha.

Wayila Cai Lun wavumela abantu ukuba bafikelele kwinqanaba entsha yophuhliso. Paper ukuba ingaba yonke iminyaka emininzi, ngokuphawulekayo wanceda kuphuhliso loncwadi kunye nembali. izinto ezininzi China, indlela yobomi kunye nemikhwa babantu belo xesha, singe yaziwe ngaphandle le njengeyabo. Iphepha kwakhona kwaziswa ukuba izizukulwana ezilandelayo iingcamango yawona Chinese ezinkulu ezifana Lao Tzu, Confucius, chuang Tzu kunye nabanye. Ngaphandle kwalo, wonke umsebenzi kwizilumko kumka kwi maelstrom yemfazwe, okanye phantsi kwempembelelo kwexesha.