Isikali Geochronological kunye nembali kuphuhliso eziphilayo

Scale Stratigraphic (geochronological) - umgangatho ngayo imbali elilinganisiweyo zomhlaba kunye nexabiso neznye okwethutyana. Le isikali luhlobo kwiKhalenda elibalayo phantsi ixesha amathuba kwi kumakhulu amawaka kunye nezigidi zeminyaka.

malunga iplanethi

iimbono Modern esiku on Earth zisekelwe kwidatha ezahlukeneyo, ekuthe ngenxa yawo kwahlaziywa ubudala iplanethi yethu malunga emine kunye neminyaka ezigidi enesiqingatha ubudala. Akukho nasemaweni okanye neetyuwa kusenokubonisa ukuyilwa planethi yethu kodwa wafumana nayiphi ngaphakathi, nokuba phezu komhlaba. iikhompawundi eliyinjubaqa osisityebi calcium, aluminiyam kwaye chondrites, leyo kwasekwa inkqubo solar ngaphambili kusenokwenzeka umda yobudala eliphezulu zomhlaba ngala manani. Scale Stratigraphic (geochronological) ibonisa amaxesha umda uluhlu emhlabeni.

iintlobo ngeentlobo awe ziye zahlolwa kusetyenziswa iindlela zale mihla, kuquka neyuranium-ilothe, yaye ngenxa yoko thaca uqikelelo kwephakade eli kwenkqubo elanga. Ngenxa yoko, ixesha elidlulileyo ukususela ekudalweni kwehlabathi, ukuba ngokwemida kwiindawo zokubeka kwi iziganeko ezibalulekileyo eMhlabeni. isikali Geochronological Kulula kakhulu ukugcina umkhondo ixesha zomhlaba. era Phanerozoic, umzekelo, esicaciswe iziganeko ezinkulu yendaleko ezenzeka zezinto eziphilayo kwihlabathi eziphilayo: i Paleozoic emdeni Mesozoic nyangweni likhulu kwimbali wokutshabalala kweentlobo-langa (Permian-Triassic), kwaye ukuphela Mesozoic Cenozoic wahlukana Cretaceous-Paleogene ziphele.

History of indalo

Kuba zabefundisi nokuhlelwa onke amaqela mihla geochronology kwinkulungwane ibalulekileyo yeshumi elinesithoba yajika: kwisiqingatha sesibini yaqhutywa seshoni IGC - International Geological Congress. Emva koko, ukususela kwiminyaka-1881 ukuya kowe-1900, baba isikali stratigraphic mihla.

Geochronological "ukuzaliswa" yayo elizayo shinyi ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwaye itshintshwe njengoko idatha entsha zifumaneka. Ngokupheleleyo Iimpawu ezahlukene izihloko ze amagama ezithile, kodwa yinto eqhelekileyo - geographical.

amagama

Umzekelo, ixesha Cambrian, ngoko igama kuba Cambria - yi Wales ngexesha uBukhosi baseRoma, kunye nexesha Devonian ithiywe emva okwilizwe Devonshire eNgilani. Igama kwexesha Permian ivela emzini Perm, wabanika സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe igama Jura Iintaba. izizwe yamandulo - Sorb (baseJamani wababiza Wendy) kumkhonza ngokuba ixesha VENDIAN, kwaye kwimemori ye kumaCelts - izizwe ordovika kunye Silures - ogama Silurian kunye nezimpawu Ordovician.

isikali Geochronological ngezinye kunye negama kunye nokwakheka zejoloji yamawa: Coal wabonakala ngokunxulumene nenani elikhulu beentanda amalahle ngexesha kwimingxuma, kwaye Cretaceous - kuba itshokwe ladlulela zombhali ehlabathini.

isimiso yokwakha

Ukuze ubone yobudala isalamane wejoloji yamatye, oko kwakufuneka isikali ekhethekileyo geochronological. AD, ixesha elo ke obu into ulinganiswa ngeminyaka, kungekhona into enkulu yokwakheka komhlaba. Zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni yahlulwa kwicandelo ezimbini ezinkulu - Phanerozoic kunye kriptozoy (Precambrian), leyo emida kukuvela iintsalela kumatye awenziwa ludaka.

Kriptozoy - ixesha umdla, ivela kuthi efihliweyo ngokupheleleyo, njengoko eziphilayo ezikhoyo ngoko soft-eyomeleleyo, ziye zabashiya beluthuthu emaweni ludaka. Amaxesha isikali xesha yedeskthopi ezifana Ediacaria kunye Cambrian, Wabonakala Phanerozoic ngophando paleontologists bayifumeneyo amatakane ezininzi kweembaza kunye neentlobo ezininzi nezinye izinto eziphilayo. Uyafumana zezilo entsalela kunye nezityalo baye bavumela ukuba zahlule iyaxela uze unike amagama afanelekileyo.

nggamathuba ekhefu

Icandelo yesibini ngobukhulu - ukuzama ukuchonga kolundi zembali yobomi koMhlaba xa ixesha ezine ezinkulu wabahlula isikali geochronological. Itheyibhile ibonisa ukuba njengoko ephambili (Precambrian), aphakamileyo (PALEOZOIC kunye Mezozoic), enomsila (phantse yonke Cainozoe) kunye koqeqesho - xesha, ibekwe kwisigxina esikhethekileyo kuba ke yeyona imfutshane, kodwa igcwele nophuhliso sishiye imizila eziqaqambileyo kakuhle ukufunda.

Ke kaloku, ukuze kube lula isikali geochronological le Umhlaba yohlulwe 4 AD kunye nezimpawu 11. Kodwa ezimbini zokugqibela apho zahlulwa ngomnye iinkqubo 7 (periods). Oku akothusi. Eyona umdla na inxalenye yokugqibela, kuba eli xesha zejoloji ingqinelana kwixesha ingenzeka kunye nophuhliso loluntu.

yayiba

Kuba emine kunye neminyaka billion enesiqingatha, ezi ziganeko zilandelayo ziye zenzeka kwimbali koMhlaba:

• Kukho (kuqala prokaryotes) kwakukho eziphilayo pre-nuclear - kwiminyaka gidi emine eyadlulayo.
• Isakhono eziphilayo ukuze photosynthesis - kwiminyaka billion emithathu eyadlulayo.
• iiseli wabonakala inucleus (eukaryotes) - kwiminyaka billion emibini eyadlulayo.
• Developed eziphilayo multicellular - kwiminyaka billion enye eyadlulayo.
• Kwakukho izinambuzane izinyanya: i arthropods yokuqala, ezinamaqokobhe, intlanzi, kunye namanye amaqela - kwiminyaka million 570 eyadlulayo.
• Fish kunye protoamfibii - yangamashumi lezigidi namakhulu amahlanu.
• Kwakukho izityalo ezisentlabathini kusenza sonwabe sele million 475 iminyaka.
• Izinambuzane kuhlala elizweni kwiminyaka engamakhulu amane ezigidi, kwaye isityalo ngexesha lekhefu efanayo ifunyenwe imbewu.
• Izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini abahlala kule planethi iminyaka million 360.
• Izirhubuluzi (ezirhubuluzayo) wabonakala iminyaka emithathu amakhulu ezigidi eyadlulayo.
• iminyaka emakhulu mabini yezigidi eyadlulayo, ezanyisayo lokuqala baqalisa ukuba nokuguquguquka.
• ubomi iminyaka elikhulu elinamanci amahlanu ezigidi eyadlulayo - iintaka yokuqala bangxamele kahle esibhakabhakeni.
• yiminyaka elikhulu elinamanci mathathu yezigidi eyadlulayo yatyatyamba iintyantyambo (izityalo eneentyatyambo).
• samashumi amathandathu anantlanu yezigidi eyadlulayo Umhlaba ngonaphakade ezilahlekileyo Dinosaurs.
• iminyaka million emibini enesiqingatha edlulileyo kwakukho umntu (uhlobo Homo).
• One lamawaka anamakhulu iminyaka babulawa ukusuka anthropogenesis ekuqaleni, ukuze abantu bazuze inkangeleko yazo ngoku.
• Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu amawaka, ayikho phezu Bamandulo Phaya umhlaba.

isikali Geochronological kunye nembali kuphuhliso eziphilayo, buhlanganiswe kunye, nangona into ngokwalo kwaye ngokubanzi, a datings kunokuba ilingane, kodwa ingqiqo uphuhliso ukuphila emhlabeni anikele abangaboniyo.

rocks zokulala

Eqweqweni becala wakubo (apho kwakungekho kophulwa lamanqanaba ngenxa ziinyikima). Iyonke isikali geochronological zabuya elime ngokulandelelanayo kulahlwa zeengxondorha, nto leyo ebonisa ngokucacileyo indlela kunciphisa iminyaka yabo ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu.

Iifosili kwakhona inokuzitshintsha njengoko nyukela zibe ezintsonkothileyo ngakumbi nesakhiwo sayo, abanye kwaezo utshintsho olubalulekileyo ukusuka umaleko ukuba kuhla. It kungabonakala, ngaphandle abebetyelele imyuziyam ngezidalwa zamandulo, uhle nje metro - granayiti naziiperile ejongene bashiya Fossilisation zabo ekude kakhulu ukusuka kwixesha lethu.

Anthropogen

Ixesha lokugqibela Cenozoic era - isigaba mihla imbali komhlaba, kuquka Pleistocene kunye Holocene. Yintoni ayenzeki ezi zigidi yawo kwiminyaka (iingcali zikholelwa isekhona ngeendlela ezininzi: ukusuka angamakhulu amathandathu amawaka ukuya ezintathu nesiqingatha sesigidi). It kwaphindwa ukutshintsha lungapholi kunye ukufudumala, glaciation omkhulu njengezwekazi, xa ngasezantsi nadvinuvshihsya zomkhenkce moisturize lwemozulu, wabonakala njengoko a fresh kumadama okuqubha amanzi anetyuwa. Ezihambayo ithathe inxalenye yeHlabathi Ocean, leyo lihlisa umgangatho ikhulu eemitha okanye ngaphezulu, ngenxa apho iikhompawundi zehlabathi.

Ngenxa yoko, izityalo exchange yenzekile, umz, phakathi Asia naseMntla Melika, apho ibhulorho kwakhiwa endaweni wethu Strait. Kufuphi umkhenkce bahlala izilwanyana ebandayo-bothando neentaka: ndlovu, lomkhombe engubo ixhonti, adle, must iinkomo, iimpungutye Arctic, nesakhwatsha polar. Anabela kude kakhulu ukuya ezantsi - ukuya eCaucasus kunye eCrimea, kumzantsi Yurophu. Ekuhambeni kwe umkhenkce isagciniwe nangoku woods oyidingayo: pine, nespruce, fir. Oku kuphela mgama kubo bakhula kwihlathi avuthulukayo, eliquka imithi ezifana oki, hornbeam, maple, beech.

Pleistocene and Holocene

Nguwo lo ixesha emva kokuba ice kweminyaka - iye ayikagqitywa kwaye baphila ngokupheleleyo icandelo kwimbali umhlaba wethu, nto leyo imele izinga geochronological ngamazwe. ixesha Anthropogenic - i Holocene, ibalwa ukusuka glaciation yokugqibela kumazwekazi (kumantla Yurophu). Kungelo xesha ilizwe kunye neelwandle ezifunyenweyo imilo mihla, yaye yaphuhliswa kwaye yonke imimandla ngokwemida woMhlaba yanamhlanje. Owandulela lo Holocene - Pleistocene esiqaphelekayo kwixesha lokuqala ezenziwe ngumntu. Ukupholisa yaqala kwi planethi iyaqhubeka - kwindawo engundoqo ye kweli xesha (Pleistocene) wamiswa awubandi kakhulu mihla.

Kumntla ikhweyitha lifumana i glaciation lokugqibela - lishumi amaxesha lee komhlaba umkhenkce phambili imfundo nokuba ngamathuba interglacial. Pleistocene utyala usondeleyo mihla, kodwa zabekwa kancinane ngokwahlukileyo ingakumbi ngamaxesha glaciation. kwisizukulwana ezahlukahlukeneyo iintlobo zezilwanyana apha naphaya ukuze asinde uhlobo Arctic yobomi. Southern saseNtla abazange baqaphele kwanda elikhulu enjalo, ngoko izityalo kunye nezilwanyana zonke Pleistocene isekhona ngeendlela ezininzi. Yenzeka ngexesha Pleistocene Ukusombuluka nesintu sodidi - ukusuka of Homo (archanthropines) kwi-Homo sapiens (neanthropines).

Xa kwakukho iintaba nalulwandle?

Ithuba yesibini Cenozoic sexesha - Neogen kunye engaphambili - i Paleogene, kuquka Pliocene kunye Miocene malunga nezigidi ezibini kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, kwathatha malunga amathandathu anesihlanu ezigidi zeminyaka. I Neogene bagqiba ukuyilwa phantse zonke kwiintaba: i Carpathians, Alps, akwiiBalkan, neCaucasus, Atlas, Cordillera, malayas, njalo-njalo. Ngelo xesha iimilo ezahlukeneyo esifanayo kunye nobukhulu zonke ezilwandle, njengoko kunjalo kakhulu ekufunxeni. Kungelo xesha awathi Antarctica enomkhenkce kunye neendawo ezininzi intaba.

abemi Marine (ezingenamqolo) ziye sisondele iintlobo mihla, yaye kumhlaba kugcwele ezanyisayo - amabhere, iikati, imikhombe, leengcuka, iindlulamthi, amaxhama. Lwenkawu nokuguquguquka ukuze kamva (Pliocene) kubonakale australopithecines. Kumazwekazi, ezanyisayo babehlala ngaphandle, ngenxa yokuba kwakungekho ikhonkco phakathi kwabo, kodwa emva Miocene naseAsiya nakuMntla Melika fauna nangoku bananise, kwaye ekupheleni izilwanyana Neogene North American bafudukela kwelasezantsi. ke Kuye kwasekwa kwi ezinezinga yomntla eyetundra hlathi.

era Paleozoic and Mesozoic

Mesozoic zamandulela Cenozoic era kwaye lathatha million 165 iminyaka, kuquka Cretaceous, സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe amaxesha Triassic ngokwabo. Ngeli xesha, ntaba olunzulu kwenziwa ikwimida ze-Indiya, Atlantic kunye Pacific Oceans. Izirhubuluzi baqalisa ukubalasela zabo phezu komhlaba emanzini kwaye emoyeni. Kwakukho, ezanyisayo yokuqala nangoku likumgangatho ophantsi kakhulu.

Paleozoic ebekwe kwi kwisikali phambi Mesozoic. Sagcina malunga amathathu anamashumi amahlanu ezigidi iminyaka. Eli lixesha esebenzayo ntaba-isakhiwo, kwaye zazivelela kakhulu kuzo zonke izityalo ngaphezulu. ezingenamqolo Phantse zonke ezaziwayo kunye ezinomqolo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye neeklasi kwamiswa ngexesha, kodwa ezanyisayo neentaka wayengekho.

Proterozoic and Archean

Proterozoic Era kwaqhubeka malunga neebhiliyoni iminyaka emibini. Ngeli xesha kwakukho iinkqubo akhutheleyo neentlenge. Ephuhliswe kakuhle ulwelwe blue-eluhlaza. Ukuze ufunde ngakumbi ngezi maxesha ezikude, akayi thaca ithuba.

Archaea - elona xesha kakhulu kwimbali ebhalwe ngayo emhlabeni wethu. Sathatha iminyaka billion ngayo. Ngenxa mlilo na izinto yokuqala eziphilayo.