Ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nesohlwayo ngokungqinelana nemithetho uHammurabi, kunye nemizekelo amanqaku: itheyibhile. Ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nenkqubo sisohlwayo uHammurabi

Umlawuli kaHammurabi unique waseBhabheli waba yimbangi uludwe lwemithetho. Phantse zonke iintlobo zolwaphulo-isohlwayo ngokunxulumene nemithetho etafileni uHammurabi, ezenziwe ngodongwe, zipeyintwe ngokweenkcukacha. Ngapha koko, xa amacwecwe odongwe ezinjalo ziye zapapashwa imimiselo amanqaku. Xa BC ngenkulungwane XVIII. e. isikhumbuzo imbali - imithetho kaKumkani kaHammurabi. Ulwaphulo nokohlwaywa, njengoko kuchaziwe kwi khowudi, abhijelwe amanqaku 282. Xa ubukumkani kaHammurabi eneminyaka engama-35 ubudala, ukuba wayalelwa ukugawula imithetho kumhlathi elikhulu abangelwe emnyama. Esi sithuba ukufumana ngexesha kumbiwa eShushan ngo-1901. Xa isandulela umzimba wachaza ukuba imithetho kaThixo, evakaliswe egameni lokumkani, kwaye kufuneka balandele.

imithetho sabelo

Xa amazwi bokumkani, le mithetho ukuze bomelele ungamcudisi ababuthathaka, ukuba abahlolokazi neenkedama kunye nezinye noxinzelelweyo bafumane ubulungisa.

Ukukhutshwa uluhlu lwemiyalelo, ukumkani zibethelelwe amandla akhe. Inkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nesohlwayo yimithetho kaHammurabi kuvunyelwa ukuba aqhoboshele eninzi mmandla kunye nabamelwane bayo ukudala imigangatho efanayo kwilizwe enobunye imithetho. Ukongeza, ezi ke elite yoluntu ubeka ingxaki ngokusebenzisa iindlela zomthetho ukuze baxhase amalungelo kunye nempahla yabantu phambi kwabanye. Kuluncedo kakhulu imithetho kaHammurabi. Ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye Ukohlwaya, amanqaku zisekhona, anike ubungqina bokuba yophuhliso le Impucuko. Kwelinye icala, lo mthetho efunekayo, yaye ngokulalisa impixano eluntwini. umthetho Criminal echaza nasiphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye isohlwayo phantsi kwemithetho uHammurabi, ngamafutshane, ngokusekelwe eyinqobo ziya kuba sisenzo wohlwaywe eyaphula indlela zemveli lusekiwe.

impahla

ukuzama ukulawula ilungelo lobunini sele lwenziwe kwimithetho kaHammurabi. Njengoko wavuma ilizwe, izakhiwo, impahla enokususwa kunye namakhoboka.

Umhlaba Ungaba karhulumente (ukumkani), uluntu, iicawa, abantu babucala.

ubunini yabucala ipropati iye ezisisigxina. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo kwipropati, ukhuselo, awanibabala ingqalelo abakhethekileyo, ingqalelo amakhoboka.

ilungelo

nezibophelelo ezahlukeneyo phantsi isiqulathi ngenxa iimvumelwano. inkqubo izivumelwano sele kusonjululwe neengxaki zobomi kunye nelungelo. Nangona ezibhaliweyo izivumelwano kwaye zingalungiswanga, abanako kugqitywa ngaphandle amangqina. Njengoko kubhaliweyo lizwe ngokubanzi, abantu abafundileyo azityikitye iimvumelwano ngohlobo zokurekhodisha phezu icwecwe lodongwe. Ezinye izivumelwano zifuna izifungo zamaqela kunye nobukho ababingeleli.

Ukophulwa Of lekhontrakthi ohlwaywe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, waba phakathi kwazo ubukhoboka.

Kuba ukuthenga nokuthengisa lifune isivumelwano esibhaliweyo. Xa uthumela izinto kumnini omtsha kwesi sifundo ngokufuziselayo yachukumisa wand. Ukuthengisa ingaba ezinokususwa impahla, izindlu kunye namakhoboka.

Kwakhona kwenziwa izivumelwano zengqesho. Ngoncedo lwabo, siye waqesha iimpahla, iinkonzo kunye nabantu. Egqugqisileyo yaba yokuqasha umhlaba. Kulo mzekelo, irenti iya kuhlawuliswa isivuno, maxa wambi afike isiqingatha yakhe.

Nangona eBhabheli ngokubanzi yabasebenzi khoboka, baba service contract rhoqo. Amaxwebhu amaninzi zingqina nokuqashwa bokwakha, abalusi kunye nokuchwela. Ukuze oogqirha ingqalelo kulihlazo ukuba ukunika uncedo lwezonyango ukuya ihlwempu, nkqu ukuba alinanto ukuba ahlawule.

Umthetho wakhusela yokusebenza echanekileyo imisebenzi umsebenzi. Umzekelo, xa isakhiwo eso wakhiweyo umakhi, aqinile, kwafuneka ukuba enze iinzame zokubuyisela-akhawunti yakhe.

Ngophuhliso intengiselwano mali yaqala ukuvela iibhanki, ezibe izivumelwano mboleko. Ipesenti ye-mboleko olugoso, efikelela kwi-100% yesixa baqeshwe. Umntu onetyala otshonileyo njenge isohlwayo inkululeko. Noko ke, njengoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba ubunzima kule amahlwempu kunye amagcisa, uHammurabi wathambisa imithetho akuba ewubhangisile, ubukhoboka ityala yobomi, bekunye kwithuba leminyaka emi-3 ukuya igqibelele ityala. Ukongeza, lo mthetho lazise iqela amalungiselelo ukuze akhusele unetyala ukusuka yeetawuli amatyala.

umthetho ekhaya

UMthetho Family esekelwe kumasiko oosolusapho ezikhoyo eBhabhiloni. Amantombazana watshata esemncinane, sasinda efikelela kwiminyaka eli-12 ubudala. EBhabhiloni, le ntwazana ingqalelo ilingana umntu emtshatweni weqembu, ngokungafaniyo namazwe angabamelwane. Ukongeza umsitho emsithweni, kwakufuneka ukupheliswa kwesivumelwano somtshato.

Umthetho zicaciswa gca ngeenkcukacha kwenzeka ntoni impahla amaqabane kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo entsatsheni. It wavunyelwa ukuba batshate mahala abemi amakhoboka. Abantwana abazalelwe mtshato, ingqalelo free.

Kugcwele imitshato oyedwa. Noko ke, kwezinye iimeko, umyeni ukuba abe ngumfazi wesibini. Nangona ingqiqo zomthetho, umfazi ilingana umntu kusapho yena kwindawo odandathekileyo.

Indoda akwazi ukoyisa kwakhe, yaye lakuthengisa ngayo ebukhobokeni. Imithetho kaHammurabi kulawulwa isohlwayo engcatsha ngumfazi.

Kwakhona, ngemizimba waba eqhelekileyo eBhabhiloni. Yena ingaba ikhaya netempile. iindidi ezithile kwabafazi ngaphandle amadoda benza kulo amahenyukazi ezingcwele ezintlafunweni. Ingeniso evela le misebenzi labelwa itempile.

Nangona oonongogo hayi abanamava ibala loluntu, kodwa imithetho kwangaxeshanye olinda ukuziphatha oluntu.

umthetho wokulandelelana

Xa lokuqala inqanaba lophuhliso komthetho, kwakunye kwamanye amazwe kunye ebukhobokeni sibe semthethweni, ukuba adla ingqalelo ezihlangwini Sons, waba enye yazo ephambili. Zintombi ilifa impahla kuphela xa oonyana abazange. Kamva, abantwana ngokwesini ezahlukeneyo banamalungelo alinganayo Ifa. Ukuba abantwana bafe ngaphambi kokuba abazali babo, okanye wala elifeni, eli lungelo liya kugqithiselwa ngabazukulwana. Abantwana amkelwa family amalungelo ilifa efanayo kunye nabantwana babo.

Ngokusekelwe ukuba lo propati kufuneka ashiye uhlobo imida, umthetho unika yasekunene yoonyana ilifa utshatile. Malunga iintombi ezitshatileyo umthetho cwaka.

Umhlolokazi emva kokufa komyeni wakhe wabuya njengekhazi kunye nezipho ezenziwe indoda. Yena bakwazi ukuhlala endlwini iqabane ongasekhoyo. Ukuba unina ukufa usapho, njengekhazi linikwe, bekungayi umyeni wakhe kunye nabantwana kwizabelo ngokulinganayo. Konke oko likhoboka ekufeni kwakhe ufumane nayiphi na inginginya.

Iya lalingabonelelwanga. Noko ke, ezinye iimpawu sele sibonile. Umzekelo, unako ukunika phambili ziindlalifa ezithile, yaye kwenzeka idima ityala oonyana nantoni ilifa yonke okanye nayiphi na inxalenye yayo.

Inkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nesohlwayo yimithetho kaHammurabi kakhulu slim.

amacala

Kubekwa isenzo solwaphulo ngumthetho kaHammurabi Noko ke, xa kanye okuqulethwe manqaku kuqondwe ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho njengento imeko apho indiva imithetho nemimiselo. inkcubeko esemthethweni yabemi waseBhabhiloni akwanelanga ukuba kukhuselwe imigaqo yomthetho yolwaphulo: Iintlobo ngeentlobo amadlala, inkcazelo of wazi, isigama ilinge umthetho, zokuthomalalisa kunye neemeko inkunzi. Noko ke, ezinye iinkalo mthetho evumelanayo elizayo sele umkhondo. Ngoko ke, kukho umahluko phakathi zolwaphulo ngabomi okanye ngempazamo, ichazwa ingqiqo wazi, ukufihla ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokuxhokonxa kuyo. Umzekelo, ukubethwa, leyo ziyasetyenziswa ixhoba ngexesha ekulweni, nto leyo ebangela ukufa kwakhe, musa ukuba njalo isohlwayo ngumtyholwa yi isigwebo sentambo njengoko kuyimfuneko phantsi komthetho wesintu okanye njengoko kufunwa yi-ayilwa. EBhabhiloni, ngokuba lo mthetho umenzi wobubi ayesohlwaywa intlawulo yesohlwayo, imali leyo emiselwe isikhundla ekuhlaleni kwixhoba. Ukuba inxeba Komnye umlo busetyenzisiwe ngokulahleka, umoni wakhululwa uxanduva. Kunzima kakhulu, wayitshisa ephila, zihlawuliswe kwempahla ngexesha ngomlilo. Ukubulawa umfazi ngomyalelo umyeni wakhe oyike kukuba umfazi abethelelwe.

Iintlobo zolwaphulo-mthetho isohlwayo kwemithetho kaHammurabi inikwe apha ngasezantsi.

Abamangalelwa umntu

Olu didi lulwaphulo-mthetho ziquka ukubulala (uzibulele okanye ngempazamo). Imizekelo yalo mthetho ezinjalo ubulala iqabane omnye komnye umsebenzi zonyango, nisingise ekufeni, ukwenzakala emzimbeni ngabom, ukuhlukunyezwa ngamazwi okanye inyathelo sisithuko, isithunzi.

mthetho impahla

ingqalelo ekhethekileyo yahlawulwa ukhuseleko lwepropati wetempile kunye nempahla yokumkani, isohlwayo ngokuzama abawebayo ngaphandle kwayo nayiphi na imiqathango, kufuneka isohlwayo sentambo. Yaye ixabiso kwipropati leyo ibiwe yabiwa, akunamsebenzi. Ngoko ngenkohlakalo kohlwaywa abantu bethenga iimpahla ezibiweyo.

Thile ngokwahlukileyo uqulunqe inqaku malunga ukubiwa iinkomo, nto leyo ebonakala ezichasene isohlwayo mthetho ezidweliswe apha ngentla. Ukubiwa inkomo, imvu, ihagu okanye iesile kohlwaywa yi kukuba impahla ebiweyo emva mali amathathu. Isohlwayo kubonakala ithambe kakhulu, ukuba ukuthathela ingqalelo into yokuba ifayini omkhulu onjalo ikukunyasha isohlwayo sokufa, ngoko ukuze ufumane njani imali ukuze ahlawule elo tikiti, cishe akunakwenzeka. Ngenxa yoko, umoni sanyanzeleka ukuba ahlawule intloko yakhe.

Ezinye zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinxulumene kwipropati, ngokungqinelana nemithetho uHammurabi, evumela ukusetyenziswa vigilante okusesikweni. Le mithetho khona phantsi kwempembelelo yomthetho wesintu onxulumene kokutshatana njengoko bunjalo ubugwenxa okulungile. Malife, owakwaziyo ukuba ingaxuthi kwi imeko kwelo gumbi apho angena ngenxa yokwaphuka wabenza zinkosi wagwetywa kumgwebo kwangoko kunye lweetiphu on-site bamba.

Phakathi mthetho impahla inkunzi, ukhupha ibala lwekhoboka njengekhoboka, impahla yomnye umntu, ukutshatyalaliswa imfuyo, izityalo.

Ngamacala yokuziphatha

Olu lwaphulo-mthetho zixhaphakileyo kolu didi macala ezihlambela isithethe usapho: umbulo, umfazi ukukrexeza, banamanyala udlwengulo umfazi yokuziphatha. Kwakhona iquka amatyala anxulumene ubusela okanye kufakwe abantwana, kusisaba na umfazi nendoda yakhe, ukubiwa nomfazi abatshatileyo.

Ngamacala ubulungisa

Ezi misdemeanors ke ubungqina bobuxoki ngexesha lokuthethwa kwetyala. Lo mthetho bukhatshwa sisohlwayo, ngokusekelwe kumgaqo sizibambe ngokulinganayo. Lo mthetho kulawulwa isohlwayo labagwebi abatshintsha izigwebo kuyo nayiphi na imeko ngenxa uxinzelelo okanye imali. Ilungiselelwe zokususwa abagwebi e-ofisini. Ukongeza, ijaji kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule 12 amaxesha iindleko semali yebango.

Crime kushukunyiswa professional

Olu didi lubandakanya izenzo zolwaphulo koogqirha, abakhi, abantu abahlala abelusi.

Phakathi zolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye ulwaphulo-mthetho olubhekiswe ahlangane karhulumente. Indoda isigwebo owanika yokusabela komoni hayi donesshy wafunda sebali. Ukufa Ukuphika sisohlwayo, amajoni kwintetho phulo. Abazange nalo ilungelo ukundulula candidacy yakhe indawo omnye umntu.

isohlwayo

Izohlwayo babenogonyamelo kakhulu. Isigwebo sokufa iintlobo ezingaphezu kwe mathathu olwaphulo-mthetho. Nokubulala okanye ukubulala ngokungenankathalo kuqulathe ukufa umtyholwa. Ukongeza isohlwayo sentambo ezazisetyenziswa ukohlwaywa ngokubethwa, ukonakala, imbuyekezo impahla ubungakanani ezininzi, isohlwayo ngenxa lwempindezelo alinganayo (talion siseko), izohlwayo.

imithetho kaHammurabi anikwa inani amalungelo, kuxhomekeke kwimo yentlalo okanye sex umhlaseli. zolwaphulo fanayo sisohlwayo, izohlwayo ezahlukeneyo ikhoboka kunye nendoda simahla. Nangona uninzi imithetho kaHammurabi kohlwaywa zolwaphulo ngabanye, kwezinye iimeko kuyo wahlala msebenzi - amazwi yonxulumano yezizwe. Ngoko ke, ukuba lithe akaba nako ukuyenza, uluntu kwanyanzeleka imbuyekezo yabiwa kummandla apho ayehlala khona, impahla.

izohlwayo :

• ukufa ngohlobo eluvundwini, ukuxhonywa, uyatshona;
• Lo mkhuba ngohlobo ukusika ulwimi, iminwe, izandla kunye nolwimi;
• ukugxothwa of yokuhlala;
• nezohlwayo eziwiswe umonakalo kwipropati, ukuhlukumeza ngamazwi kunye nokubetha kunye ibhetri.

I-Code of kaHammurabi idla ngokusetyenziswa talion siseko (impindezelo ngokulinganayo). Umzekelo, ukuba umdlwenguli unetyala phambi nyana womntu, isohlwayo uya kuba unyana ngumtyholwa. Ngokwembono ukutyhilwa yangoku amalungelo ezinjalo kubonakala nganto, kodwa kumaxesha amandulo, abantwana ingqalelo njengoko uyise bobunini, yaye loo wone imbuyekezo zibonakala esemthethweni.

lokubanga

Kwiseshini inkundla ingqalelo lulwaphulo-mthetho kwaye babethwe ngokunxulumene nemithetho ka kaHammurabi. Inkundla kwaye inkqubo ithathe indawo kwimo njengotshaba. Eli tyala intsukaphi iqela uxhatshaziweyo. EBhabhiloni kuye kwasekwa umthetho yeenkqubo, ukuze ifuna ukuba abagwebi ukuva nje amangqina, kodwa ukuze iphande ngeemeko imicimbi.

Wines zithathwa wazibonakalisa ukuba umenzi wobubi wavuma ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho, waba amaxwebhu kunye namangqina ukubonisa ityala, kwakukho imizila yobungqina kunye nezenzo ezingekho mthethweni.

izihloko Table uHammurabi

Izicatshulwa ezivela igumbi, apho unikwa ngalinye ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nesohlwayo imithetho amanqaku kaHammurabi zinokufundwa ngezantsi.

Ngokupheleleyo zonke iintlobo zolwaphulo-isohlwayo yimithetho uHammurabi, kunye nemizekelo manqaku ayikwazanga wachacha. Ukuze baye basinda asingawo onke amalungiselelo umthetho.