UHerode Omkhulu - ukumkani wakwaYuda. biography

ukumkani wakwaYuda uHerode Omkhulu ngomnye amanani ixakayo kwimbali yamandulo. Eyona nto adume ngenxa ibali yebhayibhile ze kwabulawa abantwana. Ngoko ke, namhlanje elithi "uHerode" na phraseology, elithetha umntu bubugwala kunye izimiso.

Noko ke, umfanekiso lobuqu kumkani abuyonto ukuba yaqala kwaye yaphela nge ngokukhankanywa kwabulawa iintsana. UHerode Omkhulu isiteketiso ukuba umsebenzi phezu kwetrone kukho ixesha nzima ukuba amaYuda. Olu phawu kuchasene umfanekiso ngumbulali anamagazi; ngoko ke inani yokumkani ulingana sihlolisise ngenyameko.

usapho

Xa imvelaphi yayo, uHerode ndingenguye ohlanga zakwaYuda. Uyise Antipatr Idumeyanin wayeyirhuluneli kwiphondo Edom. Ngeli xesha (I BC. Œ.), Abantu amaYuda bazibona endleleni lokwanda waseRoma, nto leyo eyenza indlela yayo ngasempuma.

Ngowe-63 BC. e. IYerusalem yathinjwa UPompey, emva koko ookumkani bakwaYuda baye baba kuxhomekeke lizwe. Ebudeni bemfazwe yamakhaya eRoma kwiminyaka 49-45. Avuza kwafuneka akhethe phakathi contenders igunya kwi Yeengwevu. Wayezixhasa Yuliya Tsezarya. Xa woyisa UPompey, abaxhasi bakhe bafumana umvuzo enkulu athembeke. Avuza wanikwa isihloko yirhuluneli lakwaYuda, yaye nangona ngokusesikweni wokuba ngukumkani, enyanisweni waba engundoqo irhuluneli yaseRoma kweli phondo.

Naxa 73 BC. e. e umEdom wazalelwa unyana - elizayo uHerode Omkhulu. Ngaphandle nje kokuba avuza waye lokusayina, nayo umgcini kakumkani Hyrcanus II, apho waba nempembelelo enkulu. Oku ngokwemvume kumkani, wenza unyana wakhe uHerode, umphathi wesahlulo sesine selizwe (irhuluneli) kwiphondo laseGalili. Oku kwenzeka ngo-48 BC. e., xa lo mfana wayeneminyaka engama-25 ubudala.

Amanyathelo okuqala kwezopolitiko

Wesahlulo sesine selizwe, uHerode Omkhulu waba irhuluneli sinyanisekile ulongamo wamaRoma. ulwalamano olunjalo fela yinxalenye endala bamaYuda. Isizwe babefuna ukuzimela yaye akazange afune ukubona amaRoma kumhlaba wabo. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko zangaphandle kwaba kukhulu ukuba ungumYuda kufuneka zikhuselwe abamelwane ndlongondlongo kuphela phantsi kokhuselo kwiriphabliki.

Ngowe-'40 BC. e. UHerode umphathi wesahlulo sesine kwelaseGalili, njengoko kwakufuneka ukujongana ayehlasela Parthians. Wamthimba bonke ukuzikhusela kwaYuda, naseYerusalem ifakwe njengoko woonodoli ukumkani uTimoti. UHerode ngokuphepha basaba ilizwe ukuze acele inkxaso Rome, apho wayethembe ukuba ufumane umkhosi ndiwagxothe bahlaseli. Ngeli xesha, uyise Antipatr Idumeyanin ufile yokwaluphala, ngoko nkqubo kwafuneka ukuba benze izigqibo yaye asebenze kumngcipheko wakho.

Ukugxothwa the Parthians

Endleleni eya eRoma, uHerode wayeka eYiputa, apho badibana ukumkanikazi Cleopatra. Xa wokugqibela umYuda kwi yeeNgwevu, wakwazi ukuthethana kunye enamandla Mark Antony, owavumayo ukubonelela umkhosi guest ukubuya kweli phondo.

Imfazwe kunye Parthians elinye iminyaka emibini. amabutho amaRoma , ngenkxaso iimbacu zamaYuda kunye namavolontiya wakhulula lonke eli lizwe kunye nekomkhulu yayo iYerusalem. Ukuza kuthi ga ookumkani bakwaSirayeli behlelo ukuya ohlanga yamandulo. Emva eRoma, uHerode wafumana imvume yokuba ukuba abe ngumlawuli, kodwa nomnombo bakhe ephantsi-wazalwa. Ngoko Olwa igunya utshate umzukulwana ka Hyrcanus II Miriamne ukuba legitimizovatsya emehlweni bakhaya akhe. Ngoko ke, enkosi ungenelelo waseRoma, ngowama-37 BC. e. waba ngukumkani wakwaYuda uHerode.

Ukuqala kobukumkani

Yonke iminyaka wobukumkani bakhe, uHerode wayalela ukuba ukulingana phakathi iinxalenye ezimbini polar yoluntu. Kwelinye icala, wazama ukuba mhle eRoma, njengoko ilizwe lakhe enyanisweni liphondo weRiphablikhi yaye emva koko Empire. Ngelo xesha ukumkani kufuneka ukuba ningethi ukuthembeka kubakhaya bakhe, uninzi lwazo sibajonga kakubi ukuya afikayo entshonalanga.

Kuzo zonke iindlela ukugcina amandla, uHerode wakhetha inokuthenjwa - it ingenanceba iintshaba zawo zangaphakathi nangaphandle, ukuba akukho ndlela zibonakalisa ubuthathaka yabo. Le ingcinezelo waqala ngoko nangoko emva kokuba imikhosi yamaRoma wabanjwa iYerusalem ukusuka Parthians. UHerode wayalela ukubulawa yokumkani wangaphambili Antigonus, lawela etroneni zabahlaseli. Ukuba urhulumente omtsha ingxaki yayikukuba mlawuli wahliswa ebeyinalo indlu zamandulo nomfowabo, nabanegunya elakwaYuda ngaphezu kwekhulu. Nakuba amaYuda awanelisekanga na, uHerode, wahlala idayiman, kwaye isigqibo sakhe wavalelwa abalufumeneyo. Kwa-Antiyokwe kunye qhu okuyo abulawe.

Out of the Crisis

Imbali elide yamaYuda isoloko izele iinkxwaleko nobunzima. era wooHerode asinto umnyinyiva. Ngowe-'31 BC. e. USirayeli komhlaba okwadala ukuba ezingaphezulu kwama-30 amawaka abantu. Ngelo xesha linye izizwe olusemazantsi Arabhu Bamhlasela uJuda, ndifunzele ukuya aphange kuyo. The State of uSirayeli ezikwimeko engafanelekanga, kodwa usoloko exakekile uHerode wenza intloko yakhe, waza wathatha onke amanyathelo ukuze kuncitshiswe umonakalo kule mbandezelo.

Okokuqala wakwazi ukuba litshitshiswe Arabhu kuzigxotha elizweni labo. Mbuya bahlasela uJuda kwakhona ngenxa yombuso waseRoma baqhubeka ntlekele kwezopolitiko, kukho intlokoma eyayize kumaSirayeli. Kuloo ekhumbulekayo '31 BC. e. lo mdlali ophambili umxhasi kaHerode Mark Antony woyiswa kweli dabi Actium nxamnye nesinqanawa Octavian Augustus.

Esi siganeko imiphumo kakhulu ixesha elide. UKumkani wamaYuda waziva imimoya kwezopolitiko eziguquguqukayo, waqala ukubathuma abathunywa Octavian. Kungekudala oziphethe yamaRoma sagcina sibambelele amandla yazibeka umlawuli. New Caesar and uKumkani wamaYuda wafumana ulwimi, noHerode wakwazi ukuphefumla gidi.

uphuhliso lwedolophu

Le nyikima umonakalo yatshabalalisa izakhiwo ezininzi kuzo zonke zakwaSirayeli. Ukuze kuphakanyiswe ilizwe ukusuka kumabhodlo, uHerode kwafuneka ukuba athathe amanyathelo ngokukhawuleza. Kule mizi, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezitsha sele iqalile. ezakhiwe lisifumene iimpawu amaRoma zamaGrike. Iziko le sakhiwo liye laba ikomkhulu eYerusalem.

Iprojekthi ephambili uHerode, yaba kuvuselelwa iTempile Second - indawo engundoqo yonqulo yamaYuda. Kwinkulungwane edluleyo, waba ezidilikileyo kwaye ayebonakala kuphelelwa ngokuchasene nentsukaphi izakhiwo ezitsha yinzwakazi. AmaHebhere ithathwa itempile nelaye kohlanga nenkolo yabo, ngoko ke waba mbandela kuvuselelwa yonke ubomi sikaHerode.

Lo kumkani wayenethemba lokuba le ngokutsha kuya kumnceda azuze inkxaso abantu abaqhelekileyo, owathi ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo akazange nje umlawuli wabo, ecinga ukuba okhohlakeleyo okhohlakeleyo kunye unodoli eRoma. UHerode ngokubanzi waziwa ngamabhongo, kunye nethemba lokuba kwisiza kaSolomon, wakha itempile yokuqala, yaye uze ungamyeki ukuphumla.

Ukubuyiselwa iTempile yeSibini

Isixeko eYerusalem iminyaka embalwa elungiselela yokubuyiselwa, eyaqala 20 BC. e. Kwikomkhulu kuzo zonke iindawo zeli lizwe yawangenisa izixhobo zokwakha eziyimfuneko - .. Stone, nezemarmore, njalo njalo imihla ngemihla kulo ibandla ngokupheleleyo kwezithethe ezingcwele, nto leyo singenakwaphulwa nkqu ngexesha lokubuyiselwa. Ngokomzekelo, kwakukho icandelo elahlukileyo yangaphakathi, elifikeleleka kuphela abefundisi yamaYuda. UHerode wayalela ukuba abafundise izakhono zokwakha, ukuze babe nako ukwenza wonke umsebenzi eyimfuneko kule ndawo umda ngenxa yabo.

Kulo nyaka wokuqala kunye nesiqingatha ephumile ukuba aphinde ayakhe ebiyelweyo main etempileni. Xa yagqitywa le nkqubo, isakhiwo yamiselwa kwaye kwaqhubeka iinkonzo zonqulo. Kule minyaka isibhozo ezayo, wabuyiselwa iintendelezo kunye namagumbi ngamnye. Tshintsha sangaphakathi iindwendwe kwaba ofudumeleyo kwaye likhululekile phakathi ibandla elitsha.

UKumkani uHerode endlwaneni asinda ngempembelelo yakhe. Kwanasemva kokufa kwakhe, le sokwakha usaqhubeka, nangona uninzi umsebenzi sele ugqityiwe.

kwempembelelo yamaRoma

Ngenxa kuHerode amaYuda amandulo zafunyanwa ikomkhulu lakhe, lo amphitheatre yokuqala, ezibe classical intlekisa yamaRoma - kwakusilwelwa kulo. Ezi Okwemfazwe zaye zabanjwa ukuze anqule umlawuli. Ngokubanzi uHerode wazama yonke indlela ukugxininisa ukuba uhlala ethembekile kurhulumente kazwelonke, nto leyo yanceda ukuba ahlale phezu kwetrone de kwasekufeni kwakhe.

nkqubo Hellenization ayengathandi amaYuda amaninzi, ababekholelwa ukuba, unokumohlwaya imikhwa baseRoma, ukumkani one ngenkolo yakho. EbuYudeni ngelo xesha yehlelwa nqanaba lentlekele, xa onke amaSirayeli kwakukho nabaprofeti ababuxoki ukweyisela abantu abaqhelekileyo athathe nokufundisa kwabo. Nezahlukano balwa abaFarisi - amalungu umaleko imxinwa zakwalizwi kunye nababingeleli, abo babezama ukugcina indlela zonqulo endala. UHerode badla wacebisana nabo ngemiba ingakumbi ethe-nkqubo yabo.

Ukongeza izakhiwo bemiqondiso kunye zonqulo, lo mlawuli kwaphuculwa indlela, efuna ukunika isixeko yakhe yonke into eyayifuneka ukuze ubomi obutofotofo nabemi bazo. Andiqondi uyilibale kunye nempumelelo yabo. UHerode Palace Omkhulu, wakha phantsi kolawulo lwakhe buqu, wamxabela ekucingeni bakhaya zakhe.

Xa likaxakeka, ukumkani yenze nesisa kakhulu, nangona uthando lwakhe bobobunewunewu kunye nobuhle. Ngowe-'25 e West kwakukho indlala enkulu, abaphethwe waphuphuma iYerusalem amahlwempu. Umlawuli nako ukondla ukuba le mali ebuncwaneni ukususela yonke imali ngexesha sele imali ekwakheni. Suku ngalunye imeko baba ngakumbi yaye iyoyikeka kakhulu, waza uKumkani uHerode Omkhulu wayalela ukuba uye kuthengisa ngeento zonke iimpahla zakhe, yaye inzuzo efumaneke apho bathenga iitoni yesonka zaseYiputa.

Kubulawa amsulwa

Zonke iimpawu ezintle ubuntu kaHerode liphelelwe kunye nobudala. Kunye nobudala savela waba okhohlakeleyo elivu- nokusola. Phambi kwakhe ookumkani bakwaSirayeli kaninzi baba lixhoba a iyelenqe. Oku kubangelwa kutheni uHerode waba paranoid, akabathembi kuquka nentsapho yakhe. Pomrachnenie ukumkani mad yabalasela yokuba wayalela ukubulawa ababini oonyana bakhe, abo amaxhoba yesiqalekiso lobuxoki.

Kodwa kakhulu idume kakhulu elinye ibali elihlangene ziintlantsi buhlungu yengqumbo sikaHerode. KwiVangeli kaMateyu ichaza isenzeko, ngokutsho apho ke irhuluneli ukuba izazi twisiseka. Magee waxelela irhuluneli ukuba baye kwisixeko saseBhetelehem, indawo awazalelwa kuyo ukumkani langoku wakwaYuda.

Iindaba le contenders nanto igunya leya uHerode. Wabanika umyalelo, leyo wayengazi imbali yamaYuda. Ukumkani wayalela ukuba kubulawe zonke iintsana ezisanda kuzalwa eBhetelehem, ngoko kwakuhlile. Xa imithombo lobuKrestu Uqikelelo ezahlukeneyo inani lamaxhoba le ugonyamelo. Mhlawumbi amawaka abantwana abaye babulawa, nangona mbali mihla ukuphikisa le ngcamango ngenxa yokuba kungabi njengoko kuzalwa kwidolophu mandulo wephondo ukuze. Enye indlela okanye omnye, kodwa i "ukumkani wamaYuda", awamthumayo izilumko asinda. Kwakufuneka Iisus Hristos - ungoyena usembindini le nkolo entsha yobuKristu.

Ukufa yomngcwabo

UHerode waphila ixesha elide emva kokuba ibali kubulawa amsulwa. Wafa malunga 4 BC. e., xa wayeneminyaka engama-70 ubudala. Kuba ngamaxesha amandulo ukuba kwiminyaka eliphezulu kakhulu. Le ndoda endala walishiya eli phakade, eshiya oonyana eziliqela. Yena ukudlulisela uArkelawo itrone yakhe, unyana omkhulu. Nakuba kunjalo, umviwa kwafuneka ukuba ziqwalaselwe yaye yavunywa yi umlawuli waseRoma. Octavian wavuma ukuba uArkelawo kuphela isiqingatha bakwaSirayeli, enika abanye isiqingatha kubazalwana bakhe, yaye ngaloo ndlela wacanda ilizwe. Oku elinye inyathelo endleleni yoMlawuli ukuya buthathaka igunya yamaYuda kwi West.

UHerode akazange wangcwatyelwa eYerusalem, kodwa kuHerodiyo inqaba, ogama igama lakhe nisekelwe kulawulo lwakhe. Umbutho wenza isijwili ngonyana uArkelawo. Kuye uza emva ukusuka ezahlukeneyo amaphondo uBukhosi baseRoma. Iindwendwe amaYuda wabona intlekisa ibonwe. Umfi sangcwatywa ngokumangalisayo - elukhukweni legolide engqongwe sisihlwele esikhulu sabantu. Ulilela ngokuba ukumkani ungasekhoyo yathatha enye ngeveki. The State of Israel ixesha elide ukubona off uhambo lokugqibela zomlawuli walo wokuqala yaka kaHerodiya.

ingcwaba bokumkani wafunyanwa zakudala kutshanje. Oku kwenzeka ngo-2007. I bakufumanisa ukuba enokuthelekiswa ubunyani ezininzi izibakala elinikiweyo imithombo ebhalwe yamandulo.

isiphelo

ubuntu kaHerode yamkelwa ambiguously yi bexesha lakhe. Le walithiywa "Enkulu" yanikwa yena sele mbali mihla. Oku kwenziwa ukugxininisa indima enkulu ukumkani edlalwe nokuhlanganiswa lizwe yakhe kunye uBukhosi baseRoma, kuquka ukugcinwa koxolo West.

Ulwazi inokuthenjwa malunga uHerode podcherpnuli abaphandi ukusuka imisebenzi mbali Iosifa Flaviya, lowo owayephila ngexesha lakhe. Zonke iinzuzo ezenziwe ebudeni bolawulo yoMlawuli, benziwa kunokwenzeka ngamabhongo yakhe, ebambekayo kunye nokuzithemba nezigqibo ezenziwa. Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba ukumkani rhoqo wabingelela bayahlelwa elingqukuva yabo ethile, xa umbuzo lokuba nokwenzeka karhulumente.

Wakwazi ukuba ukubambelela etroneni, nangona longquzulwano phakathi kwamaqela amabini - yamaRoma kunye yobuzwe. neendlalifa zakhe nezizukulwana ayikwazanga ukuqhayisa ibe yimpumelelo.

UHerode yinto nani ebalulekileyo lonke imbali yamaKristu, nangona impembelelo yayo udla ngokufunda nje, ngokuba wafa naye phezu olwandulela iziganeko ezinxulumene yomsebenzi kaKristu. Kunjalo, lonke ibali iTestamente Entsha kwenzeka kwaSirayeli, ethe washiya ukumkani wamandulo.