Abaphengululi behlabathi ba ... Abahloli bamaRashiya bekhulu le-17

Abaphengululi bomhlaba ngabaphandi baseSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude yeXVII inkulungwane. Ngombulelo kwimisebenzi yabo, ezininzi izinto ezenziwayo zendawo zenziwa. Babengamaqela ahlukeneyo. Phakathi kwabo kwakungamaCosks, abathengisi, abazingeli ababenomsebenzi woburhweba obushushu, kunye nabanxweme.

Inkcazo

Ngokwezichazi-magama ze-encyclopaedic, abahlolisayo bathatha inxaxheba kumaphulo aseMpuma Ekude naseSiberia ngekhulu le-16 le-17. Ukongezelela, abo bathiwa ngabo bafunda imimandla engafundanga kule mimandla.

Ukuqala kokuphuhliswa kweSiberia neMpuma Ekude

AmaPomors, ahlala emanxwemeni oLwandle oluMhlophe, ayekade ehamba kwiinqanawa ezincinci ukuya kwiziqithi zase-Arctic Ocean. Kwangexesha elide bebodwa abahambahambayo enyakatho yeRashiya. Kwixesha le-XVI leminyaka ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yelizwe elikhulu laseSiberia laqala ngokutshatyalaliswa kwamasosha aseTatar kaKuc Kuchum Yermak Timofeevich.

Emva kokuba iidolophu zokuqala zaseSiberia, iTobolsk neTyumen, zibekiwe, inkqubo yokuphuhlisa izithuba ezintsha zahamba ngamandla. Umhlaba osisityebi waseSiberia kunye ne-expanses yaseMpumalanga Ekude ayikhanga nje kuphela i-servicemen, kodwa nabarhwebi. Abahlolisisi baseRashiya bafunda ngokutsha imimandla emitsha kwaye bajonge kakhulu kwiindawo ezingachangekanga.

Ekuqaleni, ukuphuhliswa kweSiberia kunye neMpuma Ekude kwancitshiswa ekubeni kwakhiwa kweejele, kwaye kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 leminyaka uRhulumente waseRashiya waqala ukuvuselela abahlali kwiindawo, kuba iinqununu ezazimi kwiiNtaba zaseSiberia naseMpumalanga zaseMpumalanga zazifuna ukutya kakhulu.

Ukufumanisa okudumile

Abaphandi baseRussia bavula izitya zemilambo enjengoLena, Amur noYenisei, bafikelela kummandla woLwandle lwaseOkhotsk. Badlula yonke iSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude baza bafumana iipeninsula zaseTaimyr, iYamal, iChukotka neKamchatka. Abaphengululi baseRashiya bekhulu le-17 i-Dezhnev nePopov babenokuqala ukuhamba ngeBering Strait, uMoskvitin wavula ugu lolwandle lwase-Okhotsk, iPovkovkov neKhabarov bahlola uMmandla wase-Amur.

Indlela yokuthutha

Abaphengululi bomhlaba abagcini nje kuphela abahambahambayo emhlabeni. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho abahamba ngeendlela ezazifundela izitya zomlambo kunye nolwandle. Ukubhukuda kwimilambo nolwandle, kwasetyenziswa iinqanawa ezincinci. Babengama-kochi, ama-rook, ama-plow kunye nama-marshmallows. Ezi zokugqibela zazisetyenziselwa ukurhaqhayisa emifuleni. Izibetho zasihlala zikhokelela ekutshatyalaliswa kweenqanawa, njengoko kwenzeka ngehambo iDezhnev e-Arctic Ocean.

SI Dezhnev

Umqhubi odumileyo waseRashiya, iminyaka engama-80 ngaphambi kweBering, wadlulela ngokupheleleyo ngaphaya kwe-strait, ehlula iNyakatho Melika neAsia.

Waqala ukukhonza njengeCosack eTobolsk naseYeniseisk. Wayebandakanya ukuqokelela i-yasak (irhafu) ukusuka kwizizwe zendawo kwaye ngexesha elifanayo lifuna ukuhlola nokuphonononga imimandla emitsha. Kule nto iphelile, kunye nenqaba enkulu yamaCosacks kwiinqanawa eziliqela (iinqanawa ezincinci), wasuka emlonyeni waseKolyma ngasempuma kwi-Arctic Ocean. Ukugqithiselwa kwakulindelwe iimvavanyo ezinzima. Iinqanawa zangena kwisiqhwithi, kwaye ezinye iinqanawa zawa. UDezhnev waqhubeka nomkhankaso wakhe waza wabuyela e-Asia, i-Cape, eyayifumana igama lakhe kamva. Ukuqhubela phambili indlela yohambo oludlulileyo kwiBering Strait. Inqanawa uDekhnev ayikwazi ukuhlala emanxweme ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kwabantu basekuhlaleni. Wayephonswa ngaphandle kwesiqithi, apho abaphandi baseRussia baseSiberia baphoqeleka ukuba bahlale ubusuku emingxondeni ebanjwe ekhephu. Emva kokufikelela kuMlambo waseAnadyr ngobunzima , babe nethemba lokuhamba kunye nabantu. Ekupheleni kolu hambo, abantu abali-12 bahlala kwiqela elikhulu. Bahamba lonke elaseSiberia baya kulwandle olusePacific, kwaye le ngu-Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev kunye nabahlobo bakhe baxabisa kakhulu kwihlabathi.

I. Yu Moskvitin

Wavula umda woLwandle lwaseOkhotsk kunye neSakhalin Bay. Ekuqaleni kwenkonzo kubhalwe njenge-Cossack yesiqhelo. Emva kohambo oluphumelelayo ukuya eLwandle lwe-Okhotsk wathola isikhundla se-ataman. Akukho nto iyaziwa malunga neminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bomhloli oyiRashiya odumileyo.

EP Khabarov

Waqhubeka nokufunda kukaPoyarkov kwingingqi yase-Amur. U-Khabarov wayengumrhwebi, wayezibandakanya ekuthengeni amafurs, wakhiwa itarnet ye-salt kunye nesigidi. Kanye kunye nentambo yamaCosacks, wonke u-Amur wadlula kwiinqanawa waza waqulunqa imephu yokuqala yommandla wase-Amur. Endleleni, wanqoba izizwe ezininzi zendawo. Phindela emuva iKhabarova iqulunqwe ngokuqokelelana nabasemzini baseRashiya abemi baseManchu.

I. I. Kamchatyi

Unelungelo lokufumana uKamchatka. I-peninsula ngoku ligama lomthengisi. UKamchaty wabhaliswa kwi-Cossacks waza wathumela ukukhonza eMlambo waseKolyma. Wayenomsebenzi woburhweba obushushu kunye nokukhangela amathambo e-walrus. Wayengowokuqala ukuvula umlambo waseKamchatka, sele efunde ngako kubahlali bendawo. Kamva, njengenxalenye yecandelo elincinci elakhokelwa yiChikkichev, uKamchaty waya kukhangela lo mlambo. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva kwafika iindaba zokufa kwendwendwe emlanjeni eKamchatka.

Isiphelo

Abaphengululi bavuli baseRashiya belizwe laseSiberia kunye neMpuma Ekude, abazenzele ngokuzimela ekuhambeni okude ukuze banqobe amatsha amatsha. Amagama abo alondolozwe ngonaphakade kwimemori yabantu kunye namagama eentloko kunye neepeninsula ezifunyenwe ngabo.