Inkulu yamandulo yaseChina: inkcazo, imbali kunye neenkcukacha ezithakazelisayo

Inkulu yamandulo yaseChina, umntu ongazilungeleyo unokumangaliswa nenani labo. Kwakukho abane, kodwa ngekhulu lokugqibela uluhlu lwaye lwaphululelwa kwiinqununu ezi-7. Sihlolisisa ngokufutshane ngenye yazo.

EBeijing

Inkunzi yokuqala yeChina yamandulo, njengabantu bonke, yayikufuphi kwintaba. Iindawo zokuqala ezikuloo ndawo zikhona ukusuka kwiminyaka yokuqala yeminyaka BC. E. Ngethuba lokubusa kobukhosi baseZhou umkhosi wenqaba wakhiwa apha. Ngo-1368, i-Ming Dynasty yasungulwa . Kwexesha elide inkunzi yathunyelwa eNanjing, kodwa umbusi uYongle wabuyela kwisikhululo seMing Dynasty eBeijing. Ulwakhiwo lweBeijing lwangoku luyinxalenye yolawulo lobukhosi beMing neQing. Ngethuba lolawulo lokugqibela lwazo zakhiwa igadi zasePeking ezidumileyo, iThala leTsha leNtsundu. Ngethuba lokulawula kweMing Dynasty, iThempeli laseZulwini lakhiwa, i-Imperial Palace. Nguye umbusi uYongle oguqule iBeijing, wenza ukuba kubonakale ngathi i-chessboard.

Nanjing

Ngendlela, inkulu yeTshayina yamandulo ukususela ngexesha le-emperor yokuqala nguShanghai. Nangona kunjalo, izazinzulu azizange ziluhlule lo mzi kunye neShanghai ayithathwa njengenye yeembali zembali.

I-Nanjing yenye yezona zixeko zasendulo eChina. Kwakuyinkunzi yeentlanga ezilishumi kunye neRiphabhlikhi yaseChina. Namhlanje likhulu le Jiangsu. I-Nanjing ihlelwe kakuhle phakathi kwezinye iinqununu ezimbini zaseTshayina yamandulo - eBeijing naseShanghai. Ekuguquleleni, igama elithi Nanking lithetha "i-capital capital". Esi sixeko sasisungulwa kwinkulungwane ye-5. Bc. E. Bekulapha apho ukuvukela okuyingozi kunokwenzeka. Ngendlela, kulapha ukuba umsunguli wenkosi yaseMing ingcwatywe. Ngo-1853, loo mzi waba likhulu-dolophu yeSizwe saseTaiping, elawulwa ngu-Hong Xiuqian. Ngo-1912, phantsi koxinzelelo lwabaguquleli, umzi waba yinkunzi yeRiphabhulikhi yaseChina.

Kuza kube namhlanje, iNanjing yindawo ephuhlisiwe. Nsuku zonke abantu abangaphezulu kwamanye amazwe bafika apha. Isixeko siyazaliswa ngamahotele, izakhiwo kunye neendawo zokuthenga ezithengisayo. NjengoShanghai, ijika ibe yidolophini.

Changyuan

Uluhlu lwama-capitals endala eChina luqhubeka kunye nomzi waseChaangan, ogama lakhe lithetha "uxolo olude". Ngethuba lokuphila kwakhe wakwazi ukutyelela i-capital of several states in China. Nangona kunjalo, ukuya kutsho, kwindawo yayo yidolophu yaseXian.

Amanqanaba okuqala avela kwii-Neolithic maxesha. Inkunzi yaseChaangan yaba ngethuba lolawulo lolawulo lwaseTang. NjengaseBeijing, isakhiwo sasifana ne-chessboard. Phakathi kwekhulu lesibhozo le-8 abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-1 bahlala apha, okwangoku kweso sihlandlo senza isixeko sikhulu kunazo zonke ehlabathini. Ngethuba lokubusa kweMing Dynasty, inkulu yafudukela eBeijing, kwaye iTshintsyuan yaqanjwa ngokuthi yi-Xian.

Luoyang

Inkulu yeChina yamandulo, eyona mlando esiya kuyiqwalasela yona, yayisinye sezixeko zasendulo. Isixeko saseLuoyang sasiyinhloko yeentetho ezahlukeneyo zaseTshayina. Imbali yeso sixeko iqala ngekhulu le-XI. BC. E. Kukholelwa ukuba lo ngumzi wokuqala wesixeko saseTshayina, okwakhiwe ngokwecebo elicatshulwa kakuhle, ngokuqwalasela i-semantics ye-cosmological. Ngonyaka we-770 BC. E. ULoyang waba ngxowankulu yolawulo lweZhou. Emva koko, wayeyinkunzi yombuso weii, ubuBukumkani abathathu kunye nobukhosi beNtshona Western.

Ixesha elifikile lafika ngexesha leSui, iTang neLanga. ULoyang waba yinkcubeko yenkcubeko yeTshintsyang. Ukwakhiwa kwepropati yaseMpuma, njengoko kwakuthiwa yiLoyang, yaqala ngexesha lolawulo luka-Sui. Kwiminyaka emi-2 nje kwakunokwenzeka ukwakha isixeko esitsha esitshintshileyo. Nangona kunjalo, zonke izakhiwo zonakaliswe kakhulu ngexesha lokuphela kwexesha leTang, eliye laphawulwa yimfazwe rhoqo. Ukubuyiselwa kweLuoyang kwaqala ngexesha lolawulo luka -Yuan noMing dynasties. Nanamhlanje iphondo elincinci, elinamhlanje.

Kaifeng

Inkulu-mveliso yaseChina yongezwa ngamadolophu amathathu. Omnye wabo nguKafifeng. Wayeneenani elikhulu lamagama: i-Bianlian, i-Dalyan, i-Liang, i-Banjing. Umzi-dolophu wawukho ngexesha leNgoma yoBukumkani kwixesha eli-960 ukuya ku-1127. Ngethuba lolawulo lukaHan Dynasty, loo mzi wawubaluleke kakhulu kwimpi. Nangona kunjalo, kungekudala ubukumkani be-Wei bakhela inkulu yalo mhlaba, ubiza ngokuthi yiDalyan. Xa ubukhosi bukaWei buyiswa ngukumkani waseQin, loo mzi wabhujiswa waza washiywa. Ngethuba lokulawula kobukhosi baseMpuma Wei, isixeko sasibizwa kwakhona ngokuthi iKaifeng. Amaxesha amaninzi isixeko sashintsha igama layo ngokucela kwabalawuli. UKaifeng phantsi kwamagama ahlukeneyo kwakuyinkunzi yelizwe laseHan Later, kamva iQin, kamva uZhou. Ngokwezinzululwazi, kwithuba elingu-1013-1027 loo mzi wawungowona mkhulu kwihlabathi.

Ngethuba lokuphila kwalo, isixeko satshatyalaliswa ngamaxesha amaninzi ngamanyathelo omkhosi okanye iintlekele zemvelo. Oku akuzange kuthintele abaphathi ukuba bahlale beyakha kwakhona rhoqo kwaye benze i-capital of their state.

Hangzhou

Uludwe lweentloko zasendulo zaseChina luqhubeka nedolophu yaseHangzhou, namhlanje eli phondo. Kwixesha la mandulo, ngaphambi kokuba uMongol ahlasele, isixeko saziwa ngokuba yiLinan. Kwakuyinkunzi ngexesha lokulawula kweNtshonalanga yeNgoma yeNgoma. Ngaloo xesha kwakuyisixeko esinabantu abaninzi kakhulu emhlabeni. Ukwangoku, isixeko saziwa ngokuhleleka kwendalo, indawo enkulu yeeyi kunye neLake Sihu. Kukho ezimbini izikhumbuzo ezibalulekileyo zembali - i-30-meter ye-Baochu pagoda kunye ne-mausoleum yaseYue Fei. Njengaphambili, isixeko sihlala sisiko lendawo. Njalo ngeveki amawaka aseTshayina aya apha ukubona izikhumbuzo ezidumile. Ukongeza, iHangzhou yindawo enezimbane ezinamandla. Kwakhona kuthiwa ngumzi weenkampani eziliwaka zaseShayina. Uninzi lweemveliso ziveliswa apha. Isiza-moya samazwe ngamazwe sinika ithuba lokufumana ukusuka eHangzhou kunoma yimuphi umzi omkhulu ohlala kwi-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia.

Anyang

Kuza kube yimhla, isixeko sisithili esincinci. I-Anyang yadalwa emva kobukumkani beQin behlangene neChina ibe ngukumkani omnye. Ngaphantsi kobukhosi belanga, ulwahlulo lolawulo luka-Anyan lwaba ngamanqanaba amabini. Ukongezelela, isixeko saba liziko leqoqo leziphathimandla zase-Xiangzhou. Ekupheleni kobukhosi bukaSui, kwakukho apha ukuba uvuko olumangalisa uhulumeni luqale. Isixeko sasihlupheke kakhulu ngenxa yokuba yaba yindawo yokusebenza emkhosini ngexesha lokuvukela kweLushan.

Ehlotyeni ka-1949, emva kokunqoba kwimfazwe yembambano, iiKomanisi zacwangcisa iphondo, isixeko sokungenisa eso saba yi-Anyang. Kule minyaka, i-Anyang yayiyinxalenye yezithili ezahlukeneyo kunye nemimandla. Ngowe-1983, isithili sesixeko sase-Anyang saqulunqwa.

Namhlanje sifunde malunga neentloko ezisixhenxe zakudala zaseChina. Incwadi kwimbali ingachaza ngakumbi, kodwa imbali yeChina iyinkulu kakhulu kwaye iyinkimbinkimbi, ngoko ke ukutshala imali kumanqaku kunzima kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, safunda eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwaye inomdla kakhulu malunga neengqopuko zembali yaseTshayina, kwaye iqhutywe kwiingcambu zembali zezixeko kwaye zafunda imeko yazo zangoku. Kukho nawuphi na, inkunzi yeTshayina yakudala inomdla nje kuphela kubaphandi, kodwa nakwabatyeleli abaqhelekileyo. I-China lizwe elingaqondakaliyo elixhamla ngokuhluka kwayo kunye nokukhanya.