I-shogunate yombuso we-absolutist eJapan. Tokugawa Shogunate

I-shogunate yenye yexesha elibalulekileyo kwimbali yaseJapan ye-Middle Ages kunye neNew Times. Kwiminyaka eyi-2 leminyaka, kwakukho ama-shoguns ambalwa eJapan, elowo laye lafaka isandla ekuvelweni kweLizwe lemihla leLanga eliPhakamileyo.

Izizathu kunye nesiseko sokomoya seMigun Shogunate

Njengoko uyazi, utshintsho lwenxelwe ngumphakathi ongenakho ukuzinza. Kwimihla yokugqibela yokubusa komlawuli, iimbali eziphambili zezopolitiko kweli lizwe zaziqhekeko. Ukungabikho komgaqo-siseko, ubumbano obakhokelela kwimiphumo emininzi yezoqoqosho kunye neengxabano zamajoni eziqhelekileyo, ezonakalisa iJapane esele ingaqiniseki. Izizathu ezibalulekileyo zokutshintshwa kwenkqubo yezopolitiko zi:

• Ukwahlukana kwe-Feudal;
• Ukungabikho koqinileyo kwezoqoqosho phakathi kweendawo;
• Ukunciphisa igunya lomlawuli.

I-shogunate yokuqala ikhona ukusuka ngo-1192 ukuya ku-1335. Iinguqu ebomini belizwe elinempembelelo eyandayo yemfundiso yeZen Buddhism. Le mfundiso yaqhubeka isasazeka phakathi kwemibutho yomkhosi. Kudibanisa isiseko senkolo kunye namandla empi amaSamuba aholele ekuqondeni kwezi ngqungquthela ukuba bafanele balawule ilizwe. USamurai waba nomthelela omkhulu ekuphuhlisweni kweJapan.

I-shogunate yithuba lotshintsho olukhulu eJapan

Kuze kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIII, izinga lokuphuhliswa kwelizwe lahlala liphantsi kakhulu. Esi sigxina siza kuqhubeka nangona bekungekho utshintsho ekucingeni kwabanye abameli be-military-feudal aristocracy abaza kulawula ekupheleni kwekhulu le-12.

Ziziphi utshintsho ezenzeka emva kokufika kwee-shoguns? Qaphela ukuba ubomi abuzange buphucule ngokukhawuleza, kuba akunakwenzeka. Ngelo xesha, njengamanje, ezininzi zincike kwimisebenzi yorhwebo. Kwiimeko ezininzi kwiziqithi kunye nomhlaba omncinci, urhwebo oluyimpumelelo lungaba kunye neenqwelo. Impumelelo ebalulekileyo ye-shoguns yayikuphuhliswa kweedolophu ezibuko, ukwanda kwinqwelo yeentengiso. Ngokomzekelo, ngekhulu leshumi elinanye kwakukho imizi engama-40 engaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi, kwaye sele sele inkulungwane ye-16 inani leedolophu liza ku-300.

Ixesha le-shogunate yi-flowering of crafts. Njengoko uyazi, kwiYurophu ephakathi kwakukho iivenkile ezenziwe ngesandla. Abaphathi abangena kwivenkile bangasebenza ngempumelelo. Ngoko ke iminyango yabenzi bezobugcisa iqala ukuqala. Iminyano efanayo yaveliswa phakathi kwabameli bezorhwebo. Kucacile ukuba, kuyathembeka ngakumbi ukusebenzisana namaqabane, ngoko umphumo ovela ekubunjweni kwale mibutho yabonakala.

Ukuphumelela okungekho mfuneko kwenkqubela ye-shogunate yokuqala kwakunokungqubuzana kobudlelwane benkohlakalo. Uhlobo oluyinhloko lobunikazi bomhlaba kwiphondo lwaba ngamaqabane amancinane ama-Samurai, awamkela ngenkonzo yempi.

Izizathu zokuvuselela i-shogunate kwi-XVII inkulungwane

I-shogunate yaseTokugawa yindlela yokuphendula ngayo imveli yoluntu yaseJapan kwiziganeko ezenzeka kwilizwe phakathi kunye nesiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-16. Ukuza okwesibini kwamakhrayi kumandla kunesizathu esinengqiqo:

• Ukuqhubela phambili kokungahambelani kwamanye amazwe;
• Ukuphuculwa kophuhliso loqoqosho lwelizwe;
• Ukuvela kweenqanawa zaseYurophu kunye nophuhliso oluqhubekayo lwezorhwebo kunye nePortugal namanye amazwe aseYurophu.

Isihloko esibaluleke kakhulu nesibuhlungu samamurai kwakukubonakala kwezinto ezisemzini (abantu baseYurophu) abaye badibanisa noluntu lwamaxesha emveli, okwakusoloko lugcina uxhulumene nabo kunye nenkcubeko-njengeChina neKorea. Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuba ukuseka oonxibelelwano neYurophu kuye kwaba yinkqonkqo enengqiqo yokuqinisa umzabalazo wokudala urhulumente oqinileyo.

IJapan kwii-XVII-XIX zeenkulungwane

Ixesha le-shogunate lubonakaliso lwe-absolutism eJapan. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ungakulibali ngokukhokelwa kweentlanga zobukumkani, kodwa amandla abo bantu babengaphezulu kokomoya. Urhulumente we-shogunate wadala urhulumente "ovalwe". Izikhumulo zaseJapan zazingavunyelwe ukungena kwiinqanawa zaseYurophu. Ukuba ngokukhawuleza loo nqanawa yafika echwebeni, abasebenzi bayo babephantsi kokubulawa. Ukuzihlukanisa kwahlala iminyaka engama-250, kude kube phakathi kwekhulu le-XIX.

Ukuba sithetha ngokufutshane malunga ne-Tokugawa shogunate, ke le yithuba loxinzelelo lwabahlali. Ngokusemthethweni, kwakungenaso i-corvee ebudeni, kodwa amaninzi amaninzi amazwe ayengabamakhosi amakhulu amakhulu. Iintlawulo ezahlukahlukeneyo, iintlawulo ezivela kubahlali, ezazisungulwa ngokusemthethweni, zibalwa malunga nama-60% okuvuna.

YeSakhiwo nkqubo

I-shogunate yinkqubo yombuso efuneka ukuba igcine inkqubo yemveli endala. Eburhulumenteni, inkqubo yeklasi yaziswa. Inani labantu lahlulwe ngamaqela amane: abalimi, abagcisa, ama-Samurai, abarhwebi. Injongo ephambili yale candelo: ukulondolozwa kwe-social order ekhoyo ngexesha elo, xa igunya le-shogun kunye nesimo esinelungelo lama Samurai kungafanelekile.

Iklasi lorhwebi lalibhekwa njengendawo ephantsi kakhulu, kodwa ngokwenene yayiphumelele kakhulu kunabalimi kunye nabakhonzi. Amadolophu ayaqhubeka nokuphuhlisa. Ngeli xesha eJapan kwakukho izixeko ezingaphezu kwama-300 kunye nokuhlala kwimizi yasezidolophini. Isiseko sophuhliso lwasezidolophini sasinobudlelwane obusebenzayo phakathi kweziqithi kunye namazwe angumakhelwane (iChina, Korea), kunye nenani elikhulu lemibutho yobugcisa.