2008 - Crisis eRashiya ehlabathini, imiphumo yayo kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Ixesha lobunzima jikelele-mali ka-2008: izinto kunye neemeko

Ngo-2008, umbhodamo emnandi ihlabathi. Qala yeengxaki zemali ehlabathini lwaqala ungqubano market stock. Nonyeliso ukususela ngoJanuwari 21 ukuya 22 wanana ukwanana isiphithiphithi. Inciphisiwe kuphela amaxabiso stock, kodwa ke izibambiso zeenkampani ukuba baqhuba kakuhle. ilahleko, nokuba iinkampani ezinkulu ezifana Russian "Gazprom". Kungekudala emva kokuwa kwizabelo kwimarike oli ehlabathini yaqala ukuna kwamaxabiso e-oli. Kwiimarike stock wangena ixesha kozinzo ukuba ushiye uphawu ebalulekileyo kwiimarike yorhwebo. Nangona imizamo zoqoqosho zokuzigwebela imeko (awavakalisa esidlangalaleni uhlengahlengiso kwamaxabiso stock) January 28, ihlabathi liphela yakwazi ukubona ungqubano elandelayo market stock.

Njengoko kwakuqalisa ntlekele?

Ngo-2008, le ngxaki ayizange iqalise ngo January 21 kunye kokuwa izabelo, nomnye 15 ngoJanuwari. Iqela banking Citigroup wabhala unciphiso kwingeniso, leyo umfutho siphambili ekunciphiseni ixabiso lezabelo kwi-New York Stock Exchange. Kwenzeka ezi ziganeko zilandelayo:

• I Dow Jones index yawa 2.2%.

• Standard & Poor kaThixo - 2.51%.

• NASDAQ Composite - 2,45%.

Kuphela emva kweentsuku 6 iimpembelelo zotshintsho ixabiso kwakubonakala kwi istock exchange yaye ubenegalelo imeko kulo lonke ihlabathi. Uninzi abadlali zemali ekugqibeleni babona ukuba, ngokwenene, iinkampani ezininzi musa va kakuhle kakhulu. Kuba izinga eliphezulu capitalisation, ixabiso eliphezulu sezabelo ethe khotsho ezantsi ilahleko ezingapheliyo. Iingcali zezoqoqosho ezininzi emva ngo-2007 kwangaphambili kwentlekele ngo-2008. Siye ucingela ukuba batsala nzima eRashiya kwiminyaka emibini kamva ngenxa yokuba kwimarike yasekhaya kunye nezibonelelo akayi ukhathele. Kuba yokudodobala koqoqosho lwehlabathi kulindeleke ngexesha ngaphambili.

Utshayelela iingxaki zehlabathi ngo-2008 kwaye uphuhliso meko

Ixesha lobunzima yehlabathi ka-2008 kwaye ubuncinane baqalisa kunye ukuwa-stock, kodwa imiqathango ngokuba ukuvela kwayo kwaba kakhulu. Izabelo kuwa kuphela umqondiso isilumkiso malunga meko dynamically iyatshintsha. yorhwebo hormone kunye olwenzeka ebalulekileyo eyinkunzi sabhalwa ehlabathini. Exchange Ukungazinzi wabonisa ukuba kukho ezinye iingxaki kunye nokuthengiswa kwempahla. Zonakala emva ikhonkco kuqoqosho lwehlabathi sele sphere kwimveliso. utshintsho Global kuqoqosho, nto leyo 2008 wazisa ubunzima enokuchatshazelwa kakhulu ubomi babantu abaqhelekileyo.

Ngokuba uqoqosho lwehlabathi waphawulwa kwimeko apho amathuba amaninzi kwimakethi kwaye nethemba sidiniwe ngokupheleleyo. Nangona ukukwazi ukwandisa imveliso kunye nokufumaneka kweemali ukuze ifumane ingeniso iye yaba yingxaki kakhulu. Sele ngo-2007 kwaba kuyenzeka ukubona ukuwa ingeniso abasebenzi kumazwe afana ne-US kunye UK. iimarike ukuvala okumenza ikwazile ukugcina unyuso kuzo zombini abathengi kunye mortgage ngemali. Le meko zimbi xa kwabonakala ukuba abantu abakwazi ukuhlawula inzala yemali-mboleko.

Eyokuqala kwimbali yoluntu nengxaki jikelele

Kweli thuba ukususela ngo-2008 ukuya ku-2009, uninzi amazwe ehlabathini ujongene nengxaki zezimali nezoqoqosho, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ekufumaneni ubume lo mkhuba "jikelele". Wawukhumbula ngenxa ixesha elide yeentlekele 2008 olubachaphazela kuphela amazwe nkulu, kodwa uqoqosho ithi post-yobusoshiyali. Ukubuya umva yokugqibela emhlabeni de-2008, ngezinga elikhulu kangaka bawa 1929-1933. Ngelo xesha, izinto ezimbi kangangokuba ngeenxa zonke iidolophu ezinkulu American bakhula iilali leebhokisi, njengoba ingxenye enkulu yabantu ngenxa ngqesho akakwazanga ukufumana amaholo. Ezi nkcukacha zelizwe ngalinye yehlabathi ichonge neempembelelo nganye abantu.

Kancinane kwavumela uqoqosho lwehlabathi, ukuxhomekeka kuninzi United of dollar kanye yindima ye-US kwimalike zehlabathi nje umboleki kukhokelele kwinto yokuba iingxaki zangaphakathi waseMerika, "eka" kubomi phantse onke amazwe. Ngaphandle kweempembelelo "ingxilimbela kwezoqoqosho" ngasekhohlo China kuphela eJapan. Le ntlekele iye ayifani ubethwe oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Le meko yatyatyamba ngcembe yaye ngokucwangcisiweyo. Ngomhla ngokuwa uqoqosho kunokwenzeka abonisa umkhwa kakhulu phezulu. Ukongeza, i-United States ngo-2007, wakwazi ukuthoba izinga lenzala kwi 4,75%. Kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba ixesha uzinzo, le nto ke iye akaphumanga bamazwe buyout siyathandaza linjalo. Kuthiwa malunga ubunzima ezayo kukuba indlela kwimarike lwemali ukuze sinciphise iirhafu eUnited States hlobo ayizange yayingekabikho. Kwenzeka ntoni kwi run-up kwintlekele - ukuba nje enye isaqala umgangatho isenzeko. Iingxaki kweli xesha uthi sele unayo, kodwa ke bufihlakeleyo, musani ukumkhwelela indawo waziva ngokucacileyo. Xa iskrini kushenxiselwe nakwihlabathi ukubona meko kanye, ukwesaba sele iqalile. Kwakungekho nto ukufihla, yaye oku kwakhokelela ekuweni koqoqosho ezininzi States.

Le ngxaki yemali-2008 ehlabathini lonke

Ezona mpawu ziphambili zale ntlekele kunye neziphumo zaso zivele umlinganiswa jikelele elungiselelwe amacandelo karhulumente ngamnye ehlabathini. Ngelo xesha kukho umahluko ezibalulekileyo leyo eziziimpawu kwilizwe ngalinye. Umzekelo, ukunyuka kabukhali GDP sabhalwa ngowe-9 lamazwe 25 zehlabathi. Ngo-China, i-nani yenyuka nge 8.7%, lo gama India - 1.7%. Ukuba sicinga kumazwe post-eSoviet, i-GDP yahlala izinzile e Azerbaijan yaye Belarus, Kazakhstan kunye Kyrgyzstan. I-World Bank swi yokuba kwentlekele ka-2008 kwakhokelela ekwehleni jikelele kwi-GDP ngowama-2009 ukuya 2.2% ehlabathini. Kumazwe aphuhlileyo, babengama-3.3%. Kumazwe namazwe kunye neemarike asakhulayo kungekho yokwaliwa yabonakala, kwaye ukukhula asaphuhlayo, nangona ayinkulwanga, 1.2% kuphela.

Ubunzulu ngokuwa GDP yayahlukile kakhulu kuxhomekeka lizwe. Kuvuthelwa inkulu weza kwi Ukraine (i lehle 15.2%) kunye Russia (7.9%). Oku kuye kwabangela ukuncipha kulo lonke ukhuphiswano lwamazwe kurhwebo lwehlabathi. Ukraine ne Russia, ngubani ayecinga ukuba self-elawula nakumandla eemarike wabandezeleka nemiphumela emibi kakhulu zendalo yezentlalo noqoqosho. States kuthi ukhetha ukugcina iqela, okanye isikhundla ngamandla kuqoqosho, ubunzima "zomnotho" lula. Oku China ne-Indiya, iBhrazili kunye Belarus, Poland. Intlekele eyehlele i-2008 kwaye ubuncinane wabeka uphawu ethile kwi nganye amazwe ehlabathini, kodwa yonke waba amandla akhe kunye nesakhiwo ngamnye.

Ixesha lobunzima lwehlabathi yoqoqosho eRashiya: ekuqaleni

Izinto ezibangela le ntlekele-2008 e-iRussia imvelo lwangaphandle kuphela, kodwa lwangaphakathi. Tsala ityali evela phantsi ezinyaweni ithi inkulu ukuhla kwamaxabiso oyile kunye nesinyithi. Phantsi kuvuthelwa bahlangulwe nje kuphela kolu shishino. Ngokuphawulekayo kuxhotyiwe imeko ngenxa amatyala phantsi unikezelo imali eli lizwe. Le ngxaki yaqala ngo-2007, ngexesha ukususela ngoSeptemba ukuya ku-Oktobha. Oku umqondiso ocacileyo yokuba imali kwiibhanki Russian iseyisangene. Demand phakathi abemi ukufumana mboleko ngamaxesha ladlula unikezelo ekhoyo. Intlekele eyehlele i-2008 eRashiya yabalasela kukuba amaziko ezemali lwasekhaya baqalisa ukuba ukuboleka imali phesheya umdla. Kulo mzekelo, i-Central Bank of Russia rate ye-10% kwisiphakamiso ekufuneni imali. Kakade ngawo Agasti 1, 2008 ubungakanani ityala lwangaphandle yelizwe yaba 527 ezigidi zeerandi. Xa kuqala zentlekele lwehlabathi, ukuwa kulo nyaka, amazwe Western phezu meko wayeka imali eRussia.

Eyona ngxaki ka-Russia - indlela yokuhlawula amatyala ngemali

Kuba Russia, kuye kwasekwa isambuku nengxaki wemali ka 2008 Izizathu ngokubanzi, ezifana drop kwizabelo, oko aphakamileyo. Nangona ukukhula ngonyaka ubunzima engange ayimali eyi-10 ngo-35-60%, imali iye awazange azomeleze. Xa nengxaki yehlabathi ka-2008 uya kuphela kwenzeka, zikhokelela amazwe Koloni aye aseka kwi kwimeko ethile bemicimbi. Ngoko ke, $ 100 GDP karhulumente ngamnye ingqinelana ukuba akukho ngaphantsi kwe 250-300 USD asethi yebhanki leyo. Ngamanye amagama, ii-asethi zizonke zeebhanki kumaxesha 2.5-3 ngaphezu ixabiso lilonke GDP of. Umlinganiselo ka-3 ukuya ku-1 yenza isakhiwo mali ngamnye ithi esitalini ngokuphathelele nje kuphela utshintsho zangaphandle, kodwa embilwini. ERashiya, xa yeengxaki zemali yaqala ngo-2008, 100 engange-GDP accounted for akukho ngaphezulu kwe 70-80 engange-asethi. Oku malunga ne-20-30% ngaphantsi kwe-GDP imali unikezelo. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni ukulahleka phantse yonke amatyala inkqubo leebhanki kurhulumente, iibhanki bayeka yokubolekisa. A sohlolo encinane ekusebenzeni kuqoqosho lwehlabathi bachaphazeleka ngokungalunganga ubomi kwelizwe liphela. Imeko kweli lizwe, nto leyo nayo ingxaki ka-2008 igcwele phindo logama nje ingxaki lwemali amatyala yesizwe aziyi kupheliswa ngokupheleleyo.

Central Bank of Russia ngokwayo yaba unobangela wale ntlekele

Intlekele eyehlele i-2008 eRashiya kwenzeka ukuba kakhulu ngenxa yezinto zangaphakathi. impembelelo lwangaphandle banda kuphela ukuhlehla kweli lizwe. Ngelo xesha xa Central Bank bagqiba kwelokuba baqokelele kwenzala, kwehle izinga kwimveliso. Inani kungagqitywanga kwicandelo yokwenene phambi ngomzuzu aphakathi kuka-2% wabonakalisa nengxaki ka-2008. Ekupheleni kuka-2008, i-Central Bank kwandisa izinga mboleko kwi-13%. Kwizicwangciso oko kwakufuneka ukulungelelanisa unikezelo kunye nemfuno. Eyona nto yenza oku kukhokelele ukunyuka kwamaxabiso mboleko ngenxa amancinci, aphakathi kunye namashishini abucala (18-24%). Mboleko ziye zaba azifikeleleki. Inani sokungagqibeki liye landa amaxesha 3 ngenxa lulungiselele abemi ukuhlawula amatyala kwiibhanki. Ngu ekwindla ka-2009, ipesenteji okwendalo kweli lizwe eliqeshiweyo likhulile ukuya kwi-10 Isiphumo malunga nesigqibo izinga lenzala iye ukuhla elibukhali kubuninzi kwimveliso ukuyeka inani ezininzi lamashishini kwilizwe ngokubanzi. Izinto ezibangela le ntlekele-2008, nto leyo ukuya kakhulu ilizwe iseke ngokwayo, zikhokelele kwinto yokuba uqoqosho wawa yamazwe asakhasayo kunye kwimfuno yabathengi ephakamileyo ukusebenza kwezoqoqosho. Ukunqanda iziphumo isiphithiphithi yehlabathi iza kulawulwa nokuhlanganiswa block asethi zemali karhulumente kwimigangatho ethembekileyo. Kokuwa imali eninzi akukhange kube nefuthe elikhulu enjalo kurhulumente, njengoko uqoqosho le nkampani iye phantse akukho ngokunxulumene urhwebo imali eninzi, yaye-70% yezabelo awakho kubatyali-mali bamanye amazwe.

Izizathu yohlobo ehlabathini ingxaki yehlabathi

Ngexesha lentlekele 2008-2009 igalelo phantse onke amacandelo umsebenzi ngamazwe, ngokukodwa ioli, yaye abo ezinxulumene ngqo izixhobo zoshishino. Akukho ntsingiselo liye lathotywa, leyo ikhule ngempumelelo, ukususela 2000. wavuka amaxabiso agro-yorhwebo kunye 'negolide black ". Nendleko Umphanda yeoli ifikelele incopho ngoJulayi wayeka kwirekhodi $ 147. Uninzi yeendleko amanani fuel zange wavuka. Ngenxa yokwanda ixabiso oli rose kumaxabiso zegolide, ezithe kwasekwa urhano of abatyali-zimali ngesiphumo kwabathile kule meko.

Iinyanga ezi-3 amaxabiso e-oli yawa ku $ 61. Ukususela ngo-Oktobha ukuya kuNovemba, kwakukho ukuhla ngakumbi ixabiso $ 10. Ukuwa iindleko zepetroli yaba nobangela wokuhla of indices kunye nenqanaba ukutyiwa. Kwangaxesha nye, waqalisa US mortgage ntlekele. Banks banikwa imali abantu ukuba bathenge izindlu mali ka-130% yexabiso lazo. Ngenxa yokwehla imigangatho yokuphila, kubaboleki babengakwazi ukuhlawula amatyala abo amatyala akananto musa ayangenana. Iidipozithi zabemi US nje kwaphela phambi kwamehlo ethu. Imiphumo le ntlekele-2008 washiya uphawu yabo inkoliso yabantu baseMerika.

Yintoni i "drop 'yokugqibela?

Ukongezelela kwiziganeko ezichazwe ngasentla, le meko washiya uphawu ezinye iziganeko ezenzeka ehlabathini ngexesha pre-ntlekele. Umzekelo, unako ukukhumbula inkcitho alina kuthetha umrhwebi rhoqo enye French iibhanki inkulu Societe Generale. Jerome Karvel nje kuphela ngendlela yabhanga inkampani, wabonisa ngokucacileyo uluntu zonke ntsilelo umsebenzi kwimibutho mali inkulu. Le meko kubonakala ngokucacileyo indlela ezamahala abarhwebi rhoqo uyakwazi ukulawula ubuncwane iinkampani waqesha ngazo. Oku kwavuselela crisis-2008. Izizathu kwiimeko ezininzi ezinxulumene iphiramidi zemali UBernard Madoff, leyo yaqinisa ombi kwisalathiso zehlabathi yezabelo.

Kubaxa nengxaki ehlabathini-mali ka-2008 agflation. Oku esibukhali ukunyuka kwamaxabiso eemveliso zolimo. Price Index FAO ngendlela landa phakathi ukwehla istock market zehlabathi. index peak eliphezulu ngo-2011. Iinkampani kulo lonke ihlabathi kwiinzame ukuphucula ithile imeko yabo yaqalisa ukuhlala imicimbi iyingozi kakhulu ukuba ekugqibeleni wazisa ilahleko enkulu. Kunokuthiwa ukunciphisa umthamo kuthengwa izinto ngomatshini. Demand yawa-16%. E Melika, babengama-- 26%, nto leyo ikhokelele ekwehleni kwemfuno iimveliso zentsimbi kunye namanye amashishini ezinxulumeneyo.

Inyathelo sokugqibela umendo sisiphithiphithi yaba kukwanda kwesantya LIBOR eMelika. Esi siganeko senzeke ngokunxulumene cheapening le idola kwixesha ukususela 2002 ukuya ku-2008 Ingxaki yeyokuba xa kwincopho kwezoqoqosho kunye nophuhliso yayo aku- fast kungekho ngaphezulu kunokuba bekuya kuba ukucinga malunga elinye ithuba dollar.

Imiphumo le ntlekele-2008 kuqoqosho lwehlabathi

Uqoqosho ihlabathi ixesha nexesha kwaye kuxhomekeke amahla ndinyuka. Kukho kwimbali iziganeko ukutshintsha indlela yobomi kwezoqoqosho. Le ngxaki yemali 2008 ubuyile ngokupheleleyo imo yoqoqosho lwehlabathi. Ukuba ujonga kwi imeko jikelele, uqoqosho lwehlabathi emva kokuba isiphithiphithi iye uniform ngakumbi. Nomvuzo kumazwe ahambele phambili, ethe yancitshiswa kwisithuba ukudakumba, wachacha phantse ngokupheleleyo. Eli kungavunyelwa ngexesha elinye ukubuyisela kwisimo kuphuhliso lwamashisini yehlabathi kumazwe zongxowankulu. Ukunyuka ebalulekileyo yabonakala kumazwe ukuba nje ekuqaleni ukuphuhlisa. Kubo, ukuxinezeleka ihlabathi ithuba elikhethekileyo ukuze baphuhlise iitalente zabo kwimarike zehlabathi. Ukuba akukho ngokunxulumene ngqo kwiimarike stock kunye ngeranti dollar, amazwe ngokwaneleyo musa ukuba ukujongana nale meko. Baya kubuya amandla zabo kuphuhliso yayo kunye nempumelelo.

amaziko okugcina baba e-US, i-EU kunye UK, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ukwanda mveliso. Icandelo kwezobugcisa zaqala ukuba ngcono, oko kuyaqhubeka namhlanje. amazwe amaninzi aye yahlaziywa imigaqo-nkqubo yazo, leyo ukuba ukwakha uqoqosho esomeleleyo kwixesha elizayo. Ukuba amanye amazwe, ingxaki iye yaba neziphumo omhle kakhulu elihle. Umzekelo, amazwe Ndinqanyulwe mali lwangaphandle ngokunxulumene nemeko ehlabathini bafumana ithuba lokuba kwisimo umsebenzi yoqoqosho lwasekhaya. Ekhohlo ngaphandle kokuba unikezelo izinto ezivela ngaphandle, urhulumente kwakufuneka ukuba ugalele lwabiwo balances kwicandelo yasekhaya, ngaphandle apho akunakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa kwinqanaba ubuncinane wentuthuzelo ubomi babemi. Ngenxa yoko, kwicala loqoqosho, leyo ngaphambili wahlala ngaphandle kwendawo yempembelelo, namhlanje siguqulwe.

Njani le meko ngo-2015, igcina ingaziwa. Ezinye Osoqoqosho bakholelwa ukuba imeko ekhoyo ehlabathini - luhlobo echo kwentlekele-2008, omnye emibalabala kodwa yatyatyamba kulo lonke uzuko lwayo iziphumo zokudakumba yehlabathi. Le meko embhoxo crisis 2008. Izizathu idibane:

• ukuhla kwi ixabiso Umphanda yeoli;
• hormone;
• ukwanda kwentswela-ngqesho kweli hlabathi;
• Ruble nciphisa bafa amatyala;
• drop enkulu gapped index Dow Jones kunye S & P.

Ngokutsho umhlaziyi, le meko iya kuqhubeka zimbi.