History of Chemistry ngokufutshane: inkcazelo, inkangeleko kunye nophuhliso. A Mfutshane History of Chemistry

Ngemvelaphi inzululwazi izinto kunganxulunyaniswa nexesha yamandulo. AmaGrike amandulo wayesazi zesinyithi ezisixhenxe kunye nezinye aluminium eziliqela. Igolide, isilivere, nobhedu, nebhekile, nelothe, intsimbi kunye imetyhuri - ezi zizinto ezaziwa ngelo xesha. History of chemistry yaqala ulwazi practical. ukuqonda kwabo senkolelo yenziwa kuqala zizazinzulu ezahlukeneyo kunye zobulumko - Aristotle, uPlato, kunye Empedocles. Eyokuqala kuzo babekholelwa ukuba nganye kwezi zinto inokujikwa ibe kwenye. Wayesithi oku ubukho mba ekwakuphila, eyayisisiqalo zonke iziqalo.

ifilosofi yamandulo

Kwakhona eyayiqhelekile inkolelo ukuba intliziyo kweziyobisi ngamnye ihlabathi ukuhlanganiswa eziqalelo ezine - yamanzi, umlilo, umhlaba kunye nomoya. Kuyinto ezi mpembelelo zamandla endalo banoxanduva transmutation zesinyithi. Ngaxeshanye, V. BC. e. kwakukho ithiyori atomism, Abaseki bayo Leucippus kunye umfundi wakhe Democritus. Le mfundiso bathi zonke izinto benziwa ngamasuntswana ngcaciso imfutshane. Babizwa ngokuba atom. Nangona le lethiyori anifumananga ubungqina yenzululwazi Kwamandulo, kwaba uncedo imfundiso chemistry mihla kule mihla.

alchemy Egyptian

Phantse kwi BC ngenkulungwane II. e. Inzululwazi iye yaba liziko elitsha Alexandria baseYiputa. Kukho wabonakala alchemy. Olu qeqesho sele kwenzekile Yindibanisela iingcamango yeengcingane Plato kunye nolwazi practical kwanamaGrike. Imbali ngeli xesha ebalasele ukunyuka umdla chemistry ku nesinyithi. Kubo, ukuba livele uphawu ezaziwa iiplanethi eyaziwa ngoko imizimba yasezulwini. Umzekelo, isilivere eboniswe nenyanga, nentsimbi - njengoko Mars. Ekubeni inzululwazi ngelo xesha alohlukaniswa inkolo, kwaye alchemy, njengoko nayiphi na uqeqesho lwenzululwazi, waba uthixo walo umxhasi (Anathoti).

Enye kubaphandi ibalulekileyo xesha yaba Bolus of Mendes, owabhala ama "Physics kunye nobugqi." Kuyo, wachaza isinyithi kunye namatye anqabileyo (kunye nexabiso lweepropati zabo). Enye esegumbini Zosimus Panopolit imisebenzi yakhe wahlola iindlela enziweyo zokuvelisa igolide. Ngokubanzi, imbali chemistry ukuvela lwaqalisa ukhangelo lwe metal anqabileyo. Abenzi bamachiza bazama ukwenza zegolide ukulinga okanye umlingo.

bamachiza zaseYiputa bafunda kuphela iintsimbi ngokwabo, kodwa ke ores ukuba zitsalwe kuzo. Ngoko ke yavulwa amalgam. Olu hlobo ingxubevange yentsimbi mercury, nto leyo eye uthathe indawo ekhethekileyo kwimbonakalo le abenzi bamachiza. Abanye babecinga ukuba le into ephambili. Eli xesha ziquka indlela lokufumanisa usebenzisa ngokuhlanjululwa igolide nitrate bakhokele.

Arab Open

Ukuba amazwe kwimbali lamaGrike of chemistry yaqala, ngoko waqhubeka oko kwiinkulungwane kamva ngexesha age Arabhu segolide xa abaphengululi abaselula Islam baba phambili yenzululwazi kwabantu. Aba baphandi baye bafumanisa izinto ezintsha ezininzi, ezifana kwistibhiya okanye phosphorus. Uninzi ulwazi eyahlukileyo esetyenziswa amayeza kunye ikhemesti ukulungiselela uphuhliso iziyobisi kunye namayeza. Inkcazo imbali chemistry, kungekho kukhankanywa ilitye sobulumko ngayo - into wasentsomini ekuvumela ukutshintsha nayiphi na into ibe yegolide, akwenzeki.

Emhlabeni nyaka 815 lo esegumbini Arab Jabir ibn Hayyan yaqulunqa ithiyori mercury-sulphuric. Lachaza ngemvelaphi metal entsha. Ezi zimiselo ziye zaba sisiseko alchemy nje kuphela Arabic, kodwa isikolo yaseYurophu.

bamachiza yaseYurophu zamaXesha Aphakathi

Ngenxa Zomnqamlezo kunye abaphengululi aqhelekileyo ngakumbi eMpuma naseNtshona zamaKristu ekugqibeleni bafunda malunga kwesayensi Muslims. Ukususela ngenkulungwane XIII oko ke baseYurophu wathabatha indawo yobunkokheli abazithembileyo kuphando izinto. History of Chemistry of the Ages Aphakathi oyityala kakhulu uRoger Bacon, Albertus Magnus, Raymond Lully, njalo-njalo. D.

Mu kuya kwa nshita eYurophu kwenzululwazi Arabhu yanikelwa umoya amaKristu iintsomi. La maziko eziphambili izinto zokufunda waqala nezigodlo. Enye impumelelo yokuqala engundoqo lendela yaba kwafunyanwa ammonia. Loo odumileyo wezakwalizwi Bonaventura. bamachiza Ivula kancinane kuchaphazela uluntu logama nje Roger Bacon wachaza ngumgubo ngo-1249. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, le nto iye yaguqula nempi nemikhosi emthethweni.

Kwinkulungwane XVI alchemy yafumana umfutho njengendlela yokuziqeqesha zonyango. Eyaziwa usebenza Paraltsesa eyafumana amayeza ezininzi.

ngexesha elitsha

I UHlaziyo kunye nesiqalo nokufika amaxesha mihla abakwazanga kodwa iyayichaphazela yaye chemistry. Yena ndabagxotha ngezandi ngakumbi zonqulo, waba inzululwazi ngokwamava zovavanyo. Lo vulindlela le meko yaba uRobert Boyle, oyinikeleyo phambi imichiza injongo ethile - ukufumana iikhemikhali ezininzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ngokunjalo ukufunda ukwakhiwa kwawo kunye neepropati.

Ngowe-1777, Antuan Lavuaze yaqulunqa imfundiso oksijini yokutsha. Yaba isiseko ekudalweni nokuhlelwa yenzululwazi omtsha. History of Chemistry, ngokufutshane esichazwe incwadi yakhe "Buthathaka Ikhosi ye Chemistry", esenze intuthuko. Lavoisier waba entsha itafile izinto zilula, ngokusekelwe umthetho ukulondolozwa mass. iingcamango Changed nesigama malunga nohlobo izinto. Ngoku, chemistry yaba inzululwazi nezinengqiqo ezimeleyo, leyo kususela kuphela kwiziphumo ze-eksperimenti kunye nobungqina lokwenene.

XIX kwekhulu

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX Dzhon wayeseDalton yaqulunqa imfundiso atom lwesakhiwo mbandela. Enyanisweni, waphinda nzulu iimfundiso sobulumko yamandulo Democritus. Xa ukusebenzisa kukho ezifana elide njengoko mass atomic.

Emva kokuvulwa imithetho emitsha wanikwa negalelo entsha kwimbali chemistry. Ngokufutshane, xa Ekuveleni XVIII kunye XIX eminyaka. kwakukho imibono zemathematika kunye emzimbeni, ezithi zichazwe lula nangengqiqo yi ezahlukeneyo izinto kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu. Ivula wayeseDalton baqiniswa xa sisazinzulu Swedish UJens Jakob Berzelius ebotshiwe atom kunye nezibonda umbane. Kwakhona usungule izinto ngoku eziqhelekileyo ngokubizwa ngokuba oonobumba Latin.

mass atomic

Ngowe-1860, ekhemisi ehlabathini lonke kuloo nkongolo e Krlsrue waqonda esisiseko ingcamango atom-eziphilayo, ecetywayo yi Stanislao Cannizzaro. Ngoncedo ubunzima ekhoyo ioksijini yabalelwa. Ngoko ke imbali zemichiza (ngokufutshane ukuchaza kube nzima kakhulu) amashumi eminyaka lifikile indlela elide.

Ubunzima isalamane atomic ukuba nokumisa zonke izinto. Kwinkulungwane XIX oko yaphakanyiswa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ongazikhetha nendlela yokwenza oko kakhulu lula kwaye aluncedo. Kodwa okuhle zonke waphumelela Isazinzulu Russian Dmitri Mendeleev. Lakhe inkqubo periodic ye elements, ecetywayo 1869, waba isiseko chemistry mihla.

chemistry lwangoku

A engamashumi ezimbalwa kamva ukuba uyaziwa electron kunye ngxaki yokusetyenziswa yemisebe. Oku kuqinisekiswa imibono elide-emi malunga divisibility ye atom. Ukongeza, ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo ukunika amandla okuqhubela phambili kuphuhliso ingqeqesho umda phakathi chemistry yemvelo. Kwakukho iimodeli lwesakhiwo atomic.

A Umzobo emfutshane imbali chemistry akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle ebhekiselele ubucukubhede quantum. Olu qeqesho luya kuchaphazela ntetho lamakhonkco ngaphakathi eziphathekayo. iindlela ezintsha ukuze ekuhlalutyeni ulwazi lwenzululwazi kunye neengcamango. Zizo ezo izinto zohlobo ezahlukeneyo X-reyi spectroscopy kunye nokusetyenziswa.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imbali chemistry, ngokufutshane apha ngasentla, yabalasela iziphumo enkulu kunye eziphilayo kunye namayeza. Amagosa amatsha ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kumayeza mihla njalo-njalo. G. Proteins isakhiwo wahlolwa, DNA kunye nezinye izinto eziyimfuneko phakathi eziphilayo. A Umzobo emfutshane imbali chemistry leswikulu ekuvuleni kwezinto ezintsha kwi lwezakhi ukuba ifunyenwe ngokomfuniselo.