Kuyo yonke le ngenkulungwane ye-19, imibuzo malunga nokuqaliswa kwe-siseko kunye nokupheliswa kwe serfdom baba kakhulu efanelekileyo. umlawuli nganye umbono wakhe kubo, kodwa bonke yabelana ukuqondwa ukuba umbuzo yamahlwempu yeyona ezingxamisekileyo. Ummiselo nabalimi unyanzelekile - enye iiprojekthi izisombululo ezininzi.
Kule imeko yembali
Ukuvuma etroneni Nicholas I yabalasela imvukelo Decembrists. ubungqina babo ngexesha uphando lubonise ukuba, kunye nenani neemfuno zezopolitiko yamalungu intshukumo zibizwa ngokuba kakhulu ukupheliswa serfdom. Ngelo xesha elinye saphiwa iingxoxo elungileyo kunye ingqiqo kwezoqoqosho kunye yoluntu, kunye yokomoya nezizathu imfuneko yokwenza abalimi bakhulule ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ngokwenene, Umsebenzi onjalo karhulumente uyishicilele omnye Alexander Omkhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yempixano zangaphakathi kwezopolitiko, umgaqo-nkqubo angaphandle esebenzayo nokunganeliseki ngakwicala mhlaba enkulu nabalimi belizwe inkululeko yomntu ifunyenwe kuphela aseBalti. Ummiselo abalimi unyanzelekile yenye abaninzi ebudeni bolawulo Nicholas. Zisa imiba ukuze kuxoxwe, akazange, yaye wenza ziikomiti emfihlekweni. Iminyaka 30 kwakukho ezilishumi, kodwa izigqibo zazo malunga nemicimbi yabucala.
phezu iiKomiti umbuzo umlimi
Nicholas I endala kakhulu, kodwa ke njengoko usazi, nkqu abo babebambelele sisendleleni yokuvuselelwa, xa kuyimfuneko ukugcina inkqubo ekhoyo. Umlimi yokuqala Ikomiti ngokufihlakeleyo yasekwa sele ngo-1826, oko kuquka loo manani ezaziwayo-kakuhle Alexander ixesha njengoko MM Speransky kunye VP Kochubey. iminyaka 6 umsebenzi wakhe waba sisiseko theoretical kwiikomiti elizayo, kodwa akukho nto iye yatshintshwa kwi imeko serfdom. Okulandelayo kwiKomiti ngo-1835 yaqulunqa zeprojekthi ekukhululweni kwenkqubo, enyanisweni, a ukuhluthwa ezele zaba balimi. Ukuba uMbuso nako ukuhamba, kuba abalimi yaba werhafu engundoqo. Isiphumo ngemisebenzi yekomiti olandelayo waba ummiselo linyanzelekile abalimi (1842). Landela le arhente efihlakeleyo ingqalelo imibandela yabucala kweyadi, ngomhla kungenzeka yokufumana ngamakhoboka komhlaba kunye nabanye.
umthetho Iimpawu
Okokuqala, kufuneka ngoko nangoko kuqatshelwe ukuba ummiselo nabalimi unyanzelekile ngaphandle asibopheleli ukuphunyezwa zalo neengcebiso. Oko kukuthi, wenza kube lula, kwaye senze njani abanini - kwenziwa ngokwengqiqo yabo. Ngenxa ngamakhoboka yezigidi ezilishumi kudluliselwa sikhona, kodwa ukhululekile ukusuka kumashumi amabini anesihlanu ukuya kubantu angamashumi amabini anesixhenxe amawaka. Oku ebizwa zemihla ngemihla yobomi 'ukuhla kwi emeleni. " Okwesibini, lo ummiselo abalimi unyanzelekile wazama ukuba bakuthathele ingqalelo imidla yawo onke amaqela. Abalimi bafumene inkululeko yoluntu, urhulumente wafumana berhafu eziqhelekileyo kunye nabanini babe ngabanini belizwe. Okwesithathu, esi sigqibo ukuya kumkhamo othile ababemelene ummiselo edumileyo "kwi balimi ezamahala", enika umhlaba zokuthwala abalimi ukuze intlawulelo. kwaba ilizwe eliyakumiswa ngokungqongqo iyimpahla abaqeshisi.
Umxholo ummiselo
Ummiselo abalimi unyanzelekile ukuba abaqeshisi ukuba abalimi ukuba inkululeko ngokusayina i pre-isivumelwano nabo. Yathi ubungakanani bomhlaba othe wasiwa ukusetyenziswa abalimi, kwakunye nenani leentsuku serfdom kunye isixa nerhafu kufuneka ukuba owayesakuba umnini serf belizwe, oko kukuthi i-mhlaba ukuba ukusetyenziswa. Esi siVumelwano iya kuvunywa ngurhulumente yaye akazange atshintshe emva koko. Ngoko, umnini akakwazi kufuna amafama ngakumbi sesibhambathiso sokuhlala komhlaba. Kwangaxeshanye, umthetho ubophelelekile nabalimi wasalisa ekunene patrimonial iingangamsha yenkundla kunye yonke imisebenzi zamapolisa. Oku kuthetha ukuba amandla ezilalini, ngendlela efanayo ngaphambili, woba uNdikhoyo.
imiphumela umthetho
Nangona kokulindelekileyo likarhulumente, kokupapashwa ummiselo abalimi unyanzelekile ukuba nempembelelo encinane kakhulu. Nangona umnikazi ebekelwe ilizwe ukuba anike ityala ngaloo nto, yaye igcinwe amandla apha elalini, kodwa azisayi bakwazi ukwandisa okanye ukunciphisa zorhwebo imisebenzi umlimi. Ngoko ke, uninzi lwazo Musa ukungxama ukuba basebenzise ilungelo lokutshintshela ubume ngamakhoboka kunyanzelekile. Life unyanzelekile abalimi ayizange iguquke kakhulu, kodwa ke nalwazelelelo yezikhulu yaba ngaphantsi kuthetha amathuba ngakumbi kuphuhliso. imali Small ekhululwe phantsi lo myalelo uthetha nempembelelo yayo incinane ubukho serfdom. Ngokwenene, Nicholas waqonda ukuba le ngxaki ukho, kodwa ukwazi ukuba kuyingozi kakhulu ukuba abachukumise, yaye simele senze ngenyameko.
Ekusombululeni ingxaki serfdom
Zokwamkelwa ummiselo abalimi unyanzelekile yaba mnyinyiva minor impembelelo yoluntu kunye imisebenzi engxamisekileyo yophuhliso Russia. I iCrimea War, oko kulahlekileyo eRashiya, wabonisa imfuneko utshintsho. Yokusonga imeko ye revolution kuwa- chaphazela iiklasi ephezulu, ngubani nzima, kodwa ekugqibeleni wavuma noRhulumente ukuba abalimi kufuneka benze simahla. Ngelo xesha linye sisiseko zokubuyisela ukuzikhulula abalimi ezweni ngokuyimfuneko, kodwa ngenxa yentlawulelo. Imilinganiselo iziza mali yokukhululwa kwatshintsha kuxhomekeke imimandla iRussia, abalimi azisoloko ukufumana umhlaba ngokwaneleyo, kodwa linyathelo elibheka phambili esele yenziwe. credit Special uya Alexander II, owaba nako ukuzisa kwaqala ukuba iphele umoya jikelele ukugxekwa zinkokeli ekhohlo nemikhosi ekunene-iphiko. Ukongeza ukupheliswa serfdom kubo ezinye iinguqu ezibalulekileyo bathwalwa phandle, negalelo kuphuhliso yonxulumano nkulu. Apha ebalini, wangena njenge "umkhululi".