Weencwadi zakudala

Endaweni yamaxesha amandulo weza kumaXesha Aphakathi - kwibakala ebalulekileyo ekukhuleni abantu eNtshona Yurophu. Eli xesha iqala kwinkulungwane 5 kwaye iphela kwisiqingatha sokuqala kwenkulungwane ye-17. Ephikisanayo kunye nokuntsonkotha kwexesha uvele iimpawu inkcubeko yalo. Imbali zobugcisa Western ihluke ngamaXesha Aphakathi kunye Renaissance. Esokuqala ngenkulungwane 5 ukuya ngenkulungwane ye-15, yaye le yokugqibela - kunye ngenkulungwane ye-14 kwaye yokuqala kwenkulungwane ye-17.

uncwadi Western eYurophu aphakathi kunye kwiincwadi Renaissance ezihlala izigaba ezithathu. Ngokulandelelana, oko umgca kwemida lamkele nenzululwazi zembali. Periodization ibukeka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Uncwadi Early Ages Aphakathi (ukususela kwinkulungwane 5 ukuya ngenkulungwane ye-11). Oku kwaboniswa ubomi kwabantu baseYurophu ngexesha ekuweni kwenkqubo odityanelweyo kwaye ukuyilwa ubudlelwane wobukhosi. Bonisa ngobugcisa yomlomo lwemveliso ikakhulu Saxon, Celtic yaseScandinavia kunye Latin alphabet.

2. Uncwadi abenzi bemilingo of feudalism (ngenkulungwane ye-11 ukuya ngenkulungwane ye-15). Ngelo xesha, xa ngaxeshanye kunye nemisebenzi ezithandwayo zophuhliso ukwanda wamkela umsebenzi ngababhali ngamnye. Ngokubanzi, kumsinga zoncwadi bolwalathiso abalaseleyo, evakalisa umdla kunye nembonakalo ye kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo oluntu wobukhosi. Kukho imisebenzi ebhalwe kuphela Latin kodwa ophilileyo iilwimi zaseYurophu.

3. Le ncwadi le Renaissance (ngenkulungwane ye-15 ukuya yokuqala kwenkulungwane ye-17). Eli lixesha elibizwa ngokuba kuMbindi Ages emva kwexesha, xa uluntu feudal liphantsi ingxaki kwaye ubudlelwane esakhulayo entsha kwezoqoqosho.

iintlobo loqobo weencwadi zakudala Ibunjwe kubomi bokuhlala kunye nezintsonkothileyo ezizweni yaseYurophu ebudeni beli xesha. Uninzi imisebenzi khange wasinda, nabo aseleyo, nibagqithile ixabiso gqitha isifundo bezenkcubeko elilifa lethu.

uncwadi Zamaxesha ixesha kwangethuba yahlulwe uncwadi, abhalwe ngolwimi Latin noluncwadi iilwimi kwimveli kaNtu. Okokuqala umxholo yohlulwe kamabhalana kunye nezehlabathi.

uncwadi Church, Kakade ke, kuhlangene nokholo kuKristu kunye yamaKatolika. Noko ke, yawa kunye nezimvo "ngabawexuki", evakalisa logwayimbo yokubhuqwa abantu abefundisi kunye izinduna.

Uncwadi lunikezelwa imibongo Latin kwaye ibonisa Vagant eyondlala ikhondo iziganeko kunye noonobangela bazo. Le yokugqibela engumthombo esibalulekileyo mbali.

Uncwadi iilwimi abantu bomthonyama thaca yi-Irish Anglo-Saxon ibonwe, kwakunye umsebenzi Nordic.

Aphakathi iincwadi ixesha formative of umphakathi wobukhosi abakuluhlu oluphezulu ngokomthamo uhlobo. Kuyinto ngokubanzi enzulu imiboniso yokuziphatha, iimbono, kwesimilo ubomi ixesha lakhe. Iimfuno abefundisi kunye neklasi feudal neboniswe zoomabhalana noncwadi courtly. Xa ngohlobo lomlomo gqolo ukuphuhlisa uyilo abantu abaqhelekileyo, kungekhona ilifa idiploma. Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-12, kunye ukuvela imizi apho burgher (isixeko) uncwadi. Lubonakala yi yokuqhelaniswa yedemokhrasi anti-wobukhosi.

uncwadi Zamaxesha Renaissance ubonisa ingqalelo kwihlabathi lokwenene. Umxholo yaso kazwelonke-yembali, ukuba aphendule kuzo zonke izicelo ubomi mihla, ngesibindi lubonisa zonke kuphikisana yayo. Injongo ephambili yomfanekiso imisebenzi yalo ixesha umntu ihlabathi lakhe iimvakalelo neengcinga, nezenzo zakhe. Fanekisela kwakhona ukusetyenziswa ababhali bobuchule kunye iintsomi fiction izinto zabo okuvela lwemveli.

Renaissance iincwadi ezivela kumazwe ahlukeneyo ezineefitsha eziqhelekileyo, okufana eli xesha.