Ivan Moskvitin: biography kunye nempumelelo

Umkhenkethi obalaseleyo Russian kunye wamazwe Ivan Moskvitin, abe omnye amanani ezingundoqo kuphuhliso lwe kwiMpuma Ekude kunye eSiberia, ushiye ulwazi mncinane gqitha ubomi bakhe. Ngonaphakade evela efihlwe kuphela iinkcukacha, obonisa iinkalo imbonakalo yakhe, kodwa abaninzi ngabantu abathile. Kodwa, iinkonzo zakhe eRashiya mkhulu ukuba elula Tomsk Cossacks - Ivan Moskvitin igalelo kwinzululwazi geographical exabiseke ngokwenene - ngonaphakade wangena imbali Russia.

Ixesha kuloyiso emazweni ezintsha

Xa banesifo yenkulungwane XVII ibe linyathelo esebenzayo mazwe ezazingaziwa elele ngaphaya Enkulu phambene kwiiNtaba. Kwindawo yokuqala wabahloli eli xesha ukuya Yakutsk. Ivela apha waqalisa uhambo lwabo bahambi ezingaziwayo lithemba. Eyona ndlela iphambili ngezigaba nhlangano ezimbini - ukuya ngasentla nangasezantsi le Lena River. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba abantu ashinyeneyo hlathi ngohlangothi misele kudala isetyenziswa imiyalezo ngendlela yemvelo.

Ivan Moskvitin, iminyaka yobomi owawa kanye ngeli xesha, wayengomnye ezo iintloko lithemba ukuba isiselo ezinemiphetho unexplored emoyeni. Ngaba yena-nye nonke - Tomsk Ataman nguDmitry Epifanovich Kopal. Asizange ubanike ukuphumla amarhe okuba kwindawo ethile empumalanga kukho ulwandle efudumeleyo. Kunzima ukutsho kutheni wabizwa ngqo eshushu - mhlawumbi enxulumana ilanga, vuka apho imiso ngemiso. Kodwa ukuba sifinyelele lo elwandle, kwafuneka ukuba hayi phezu komlambo, uze wenze indlela yayo ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, hlathi untrodden.

Ukuqala hambo

Kwaye apha 1637 kunye lamabutho Cossacks Kopal wafudukela empumalanga, kunye nalo waya umhlobo wakhe - Tomsk Cossack Ivan Moskvitin. Imbali engafakwanga okanye umhla wakhe wokuzalwa, akukho lwazi malunga ngeendlela apho uYehova Wamsa Tomsk. Umntu siziphendule kuphela egameni lakhe nosapho. Ngemihla yakudala kwagqitywa ekubeni ngesidima abantu kuloo ndawo yokuzalwa yabo, okanye izinyanya zabo. Ngoko ke kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukucinga ukuba xa musa Ivan ngokwakhe, uyise kunye notatomkhulu wakhe babevela kumazwe eMoscow.

Owaqala e Tomsk, bafika Yakutsk, yaye waqhubeka ukuya ngasempumalanga. Ngaphambi kokuba lokumba nzulu ehlathini, bathabatha ithuba wamanzi bezazi. In search of "amazwe amatsha" (njengoko kuchaziwe kwi-adyumenti ixesha), kwaye ulwandle efudumeleyo, ooPawulos waya ezantsi 1638, kunye Lena River ukuya kwesixa zayo Aldana, kwaye kuwo iiveki ezintlanu, siyenyuka, ihamba Struga esebenzisa iintambo kunye nezibonda. Ukwenza oku ngendlela nzima Cossacks ifikelele umlomo komnye hlathi lomlambo, ebizwa Meyi - ke uviko lasekunene Aldan.

Ulwazi lokuqala malunga Amur River

Apha, entlango hlathi, badibana shaman, i-real - ngexesha kwintlanganiso enjalo ukuze. Ngoncedo itoliki Semyon Petrov, ingakumbi kubanjiswa squad ngenxa yeemeko ezinjalo, Kopal wafunda benza umlingo ehlathini, ukuba ngasezantsi, nje ngaphaya kummango, ithatha umlambo omkhulu, zeziphi izizwe balapho ekuthiwa Circolo. Kodwa iindaba eziphambili kukuba, ngokutsho shaman, wahlala phezu kweendonga zayo ezininzi 'ehleli ", oko kukuthi abantu ungenzi nto, benza ezinkomeni ukuzala nezolimo. Ngoko ke kwixesha lokuqala abantu nokumkani sivile malunga omkhulu Siberian Amur River.

Kodwa njongo iphambili hambo - ulwandle efudumeleyo, kwathiwa Cossacks ngasempuma. NgoMeyi 1639 Ataman elungiselelwe ekhangela indlela eya siliva "Sea-Ocean" vanguard okhokelwa wakhulela Ivan Moskvitin. Ibali lobomi bakhe ayiphelelanga kangaka kwaye ukuthenga ezi zibakala, Noko ke, izalana episode ngokweenkcukacha. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ngaphantsi umyalelo zakhe elinesibini ezintathu Cossacks basenyongweni nabanamava. Ukongeza, ukuba ukubanceda bebeqeshwe Guides - Evenki.

Umlambo Mae

Njengoko okufuphi kuyo umncedisi wakhe Ivan Moskvitin wathabatha abahlali Yakutsk Cossack Kolobov. igama lakhe ngokuqinileyo kwimbali ngenxa yokuba ngo-1646 yena umphathi wakhe, umlawuli wanikela ingxelo ebhaliweyo malunga inxaxheba kwakhe khenketho. Olu xwebhu, ebizwa i "Skaskiv" liye laba bungqina zexabiso yembali iziganeko ezinxulumene ukuvulwa kuLwandle Okhotsk. Xa squad bengena umguquleli - esele zikhankanywe Simon Petrov.

Ngaloo wabumba band yaqhubeka indlela ukuya ezantsi flat Mae isihlenga - umkhumbi omkhulu eliphangaleleyo. Kodwa ke ingxaki kukuba malunga ezimakhulu mabini eqhele inkoliso indlela kwafuneka tsala kuye yeflakisi intambo, ngenkani bakhe iintshinyela zamafu unxweme. Emva kweeveki ezintandathu indlela enzima Cossacks ifikelele enye hlathi komlambo - i Nyudymi elimxinwa kunye nzulu.

Umendo Ridge Dzhugdzhur

ukuba kukhona ahlukane isihlenga elikhulu, kodwa enzima nexhala, nokwakha amakhuba ukukhanya eziliqela. Bona abahambi ifike emfuleni eliphezulu. Ngexesha indlela Ivan Moskvitin ngokufutshane bonke babone nokungena Lena Mai kunye Nyudymi, nto leyo koko ukuhlanganisela iimaphu kule ndawo.

Phambi kwabo ndiluhlaza ngaphambili, Bathiwe wambu pine ehlathini, kutshaya ukusuka Ridge, ogama emva Dzhugdzhur. Eli linyathelo elibalulekileyo ngendlela - uluhlu intaba wabahlula umlambo ngoweqela inkqubo Lena kwezo ahlayo ukuya bazinqwenelayo "ulwandle -. Ulwandle" Kwathi Ivan Moskvin kwanempi yakhe bawela ngosuku, eshiya epuluweni, abe emana bethabathe nabo kuphela izidingo.

Phantsi ngasemfuleni Houllier

Kwi kwithambeka esahlukileyo baphinda badibana umlambo - icotha kwaye nzulu, esenza ngendlela yayo loop ngokubanzi phambi connect with Uloy - enye Okhotsk Sea Basin. Kwafuneka ukuthatha phezu nezamazembe, kwaye ukuvana kwakhona Struga. Kodwa ngoku nomlambo inceda nabahambi. Ukuba lisanyuka umlambo, kwafuneka ukutsala ngokwam ukuba izikhitshana zabo, kodwa ngoku, ukuba uselesihla, ungakwazi ukuthatha ithuba luphumlo elifutshane.

iintsuku ngaphambi yengxolo eqhelekileyo abasibhozo lavakala, isilumkiso ekusondeleni uba amqengqelezi iyingozi, leyo baxelelwa Guides - Evenki. Abo bazalisa amatye emfuleni kolulwa phezu umgama omde, yaye kwakhona kwafuneka ukuphosa kutshanje wenza epuluweni, kunye imithwalo ndandimncedisa, bangena emanzini hlathi ivaleke. On top of the iingxaki Cossacks ngalo eli xesha wayongamele ukutya niwuzalise oovimba ngokucinezela kwezibonelelo zendalo ebengenako - umlambo bezrybnoy, kwaye kunxweme baso nako ukuqokelela kuphela nje ezimbalwa amaqunube prigorshen.

Indlela elide-elindelwe waya olwandle

Kodwa ke qinani Cossacks intliziyo, yaye ngumzekelo kwabo Ivan Moskvitin. Iminyaka yokuphila wachitha enyeleni hlathi, wafundisa ukuba abe namandla. Watyhutyha ilizwe inxalenye eyingozi lomlambo, bona kwakhona benza sele into njengesiqhelo - ulwakhiwo lwezikhephe. Eli xesha, bakha iphenyane iqela kwangaphambili, nangenxa wonke umntu - inqanawa yothutho omkhulu inzima, ekwaziyo ukuhlalisa abantu abangamashumi umthwalo lonke hambo. Kungekudala ifikelele angcono yaye esisityebi neentlanzi Lama lomlambo. Ukuba phambi kokuba Cossacks kwafuneka ukuba adle umthi amaxolo, ingca kunye neengcambu, ngoku lixesha lokuba kwisidlo yeentlanzi ekucebiseni komphefumlo.

kwiintsuku ezintlanu emva koko, isiganeko yenzekile, nto leyo yaba yinxalenye imbali yejografi yesizwe - Ivan Moskvitin neqembu yakhe yafikelela kuLwandle Okhotsk. Yonke indlela ephuma emlonyeni esemlanjeni Meyi ukuya 'Sea-Ocean "zonganyelwe ngeenyanga ezimbini. Thatha ingqalelo ukuba yagidimela ngaphambili intsimi nekhampasi, kunye neemeko ezahlukeneyo efunwa abahambi izingxi rhoqo. Ngenxa yoko, ngo-Agasti 1639 abahloli Russian ngqa kwimbali ufikelele kumntla-ntshona Pacific Ocean - kuLwandle Okhotsk.

Ukuqala Coast isifundo

weza Autumn. Of ubusika kunikelwa phezu komlambo Houllier, iqela Cossacks waya emantla ukuya ukufunda kwaye nokuchaza lolwandle. Bonke ukukhokela izenzo zabo bathwalwa ngaphandle Ivan Moskvitin. Igalelo kwinzululwazi geographical ubeke phambili kweli qela, olugoso. Baye yasuswa kumgama ozikilometa abangaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu, ngexesha apho ushicilelo kwenzeka. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yendlela kwenziwa elwandle ngenqanawa.

Amava asibonise imfuneko yale hambo bakha iinqanawa ezinkulu kwaye zithembekile, kwaye nangenxa yokuhamba olunye Cossacks wakha ezincinane kodwa oluqinile Goch ezimbini axhotyiswe iimasti kunye iseyile. Ngenxa yoko, ubusika iminyaka 1639-1640 kungekabekwa isiqalo yokomfuziselo zolwakhiwo Pacific Fleet.

Ehlotyeni lonke iqela eyayihamba elwandle ukuya ngasezantsi yaye bafikelela Sakhalin Bay. Seaway Ivana Moskvitina kunye neqela lakhe iye yachazwa iinkcukacha, kwakunye ilizwe labo-hamba. Mpumalanga unxweme oLwandle Okhotsk ukuba kwiikhilomitha lamawaka anamakhulu asixhenxe, okokuqala kwimbali, iye yagqitywa kwaye bafunda abantu Russian.

Ngomhla ngaphandle emlanjeni omkhulu yaseSiberia

Xa uhambo lwakhe Ivan Moskvitin Kwathi, akusondela ukuba umlomo Amur River, kodwa akaba nakungena kuwo. Ngaloo kwakukho izizathu ezibini - indlala, banyanzelisa umva bamazwe nesibindi, izikhokelo kunye namabali malunga banqande kakhulu abahlala yonxweme. Ukuzama ukuba angene adibane nabo yaye ngaloo ndlela niwuzalise isitokhwe ukutya yayiyingozi kakhulu, as a result wagqiba kwelokuba aye umva. Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1641 i-Cossacks wawela kummango Dzhugdzhur yesibini, waya kwenye imijelo omlambo kaMeyi. NgoJulayi waloo nyaka wonke umntu wabuyela ngokukhuselekileyo Yakutsk.

Ukususela hlathi entlango - Moscow

Amaxwebhu belo xesha ingxelo ukuba Ivan Moskvitin, ukuvulwa leyo kakhulu abasemagunyeni Yakut, ukuba wonyuselwa nabakwaMoya, kunye Cossacks bakhe wonke umsebenzi nasekusweleni premium iminyaka emine ezifunyenweyo - ukusuka engange ezimbini ukuya ezintlanu. Noko ke, avelele kakhulu koko wakhupha isiziba somchako. Ngowe-1646 Moskvitina abolekwe eMoscow ukuba ingxelo kumlawuli. Ngoko okwesihlandlo sokuqala kwikomkhulu kuyo wafunda hambo ukuya kunxweme loLwandle Okhotsk. Ndafika ekhaya umhambi okhaliphileyo, sele isikhundla isikhulu.

Kuba kokoyiswa lomhlaba zivulekile, kucetyiswa ukuba athumele ngamava elikhulu bexhobile, uniko manani abantu kungekho ngaphantsi kwe ishumi lamawaka ngemipu kunye nokutya okwaneleyo. Ngokutsho ubungqina bakhe, ezo kudini banemali iintlanzi noboya izilwanyana, nto leyo ukuzisa ingeniso ebonakalayo kwi-Ofisi kaNondyebo.

Apha, mhlawumbi, nayo yonke inkcazelo yashiya Ivan Moskvitin. Iminyaka yobomi le ndoda nokufa ezazingaziwa, kodwa ngonaphakade kwimbali igama lakhe kunye negalelo azenzileyo kuphuhliso Far East. umsebenzi wakhe waqhubeka nomsebenzi nakwabanye ababehamba nabo, omnye kakhulu yodumo phakathi kwabo vd Poyarkov. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, sisaci Ivana Moskvitina kunye nabalandeli bakhe kulubonakalisa ngamazwi kaKristu: ". Funa yaye niya kufumana" Kwaye bahamba befuna uxhalabile kwaye imigama hlathi, kwaye phezu kwesibhakabhaka enkulu yolwandle.